Division 


Section 


DS  107 

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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2019  with  funding  from 
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https://archive.org/details/cameracrusadethrOOelme 


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PLATE  I 


A  WOMAN  OF  SAMARIA 

John  iv,  7.  There  cometh  a  woman  of  Samaria  to  draw 
water. 

John  iv,  7,  9;  ii,  13. 

Ex.xii,  3-7,  13,  14 
Isaiah  iiii,  7. 

I  Cor,  v,  7. 

Heb.  xi,  28. 

Rev.  v,  12. 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


ONE  HUNDRED  ILLUSTRATIONS 
FROM  PHOTOGRAPHS  BY  THE  AUTHOR 


NEW  YORK 

CHARLES  SCRIBNER’S  SONS 

MCMXII 


Copyright,  1912,  by 
CHARLES  SCRIBNER’S  SONS 

Published  October,  1912 


TO  THE  MEMORY 

O  F 

MY  MOTHER 


FOREWORD 


In  1093  Peter  the  Hermit  returned  from  a  pilgrimage  to 
Jerusalem  and  gave  such  a  pitiful  account  of  the  unhappy  sit¬ 
uation  of  the  Christians  in  the  East  that  he  aroused  all  Chris¬ 
tendom  to  such  a  degree  that  armies  were  raised  and  in  1096 
started  toward  the  Holy  Land. 

The  wars  carried  on  by  the  Christian  nations  of  the  West 
from  the  eleventh  to  the  latter  half  of  the  thirteenth  century 
for  the  conquest  of  Palestine  were  called  Crusades,  from  the 
Portuguese  word  cruzado ,  that  is,  “  marked  with  the  cross, ” 
because  the  warriors  who  followed  the  holy  banner  wore  the 
sign  of  the  cross. 

In  1901  I  started  for  the  Holy  Land  with  my  ever-faithful 
camera  on  my  back,  my  only  weapon,  simply  to  journey 
through  the  land  with  a  desire  to  see  for  myself  places  men¬ 
tioned  in  the  Bible,  to  study  ancient  customs  which  still 
remain,  and  if  possible  to  understand  the  significance  of  many 
sentences  in  the  Scriptures  which  were  very  obscure  to  me 
and  to  those  who  tried  to  teach  me;  in  fact,  my  faith  was 
wavering,  I  was  in  doubt,  yet  one  verse  in  Matthew  compelled 
me  to  go:  “Ask,  and  it  shall  be  given  you;  seek,  and  ye  shall 
find;  knock,  and  it  shall  be  opened  unto  you.” 

vii 


Vlll 


FOREWORD 


I  went,  I  asked,  I  knocked:  I  doubt  no  longer,  now  I 
know.  The  journey  on  horseback  through  the  Holy  Land  was 
a  revelation  to  me;  may  my  description  of  it  be  a  help  to 
many. 

Dwight  L.  Elmendorf. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

The  South  .  3 

The  North .  19 

Jerusalem . 40 

Plates  and  Texts . .  .  57 


\ 

l 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

PLATE 

A  Woman  of  Samaria . .  .  Frontispiece  I 

Joppa  from  the  Sea . . .  II 

The  Sea  from  the  Roof  of  “One  Simon  a  Tanner” .  Ill 

A  Bread  Seller  at  Joppa . . .  IV 

Plain  of  Sharon  from  the  Tower  of  Ramleh .  V 

The  Roses  of  Sharon . » .  VI 

Ploughing .  VII 

The  Valley  of  Eshcol . .  .  .  .  VIII 

Abraham’s  Oak . . .  IX 

Hebron — The  Pool  and  the  Mosque .  X 

Solomon’s  Pool .  XI 

The  Village  of  the  Shepherds .  XII 

Shepherds  Watching  Their  Flocks . .  .  XIII 

The  City  of  David  which  Is  Called  Bethlehem .  XIV 

The  Manger  in  the  Church  of  the  Nativity .  XV 

The  Fields  of  Boaz . . . .  .  XVI 

Ruth  and  Boaz . . . XVII 

A  Threshing  Floor . XVIII 

Shepherds  Leading  Their  Flocks . .  XIX 

Shepherd’s  Pipes,  Sling,  and  Scrip .  XX 

The  Brook  Kidron  at  Marsaba . XXI 

The  Wilderness  of  the  Scapegoat . .  XXII 

The  Salt  or  the  Dead  Sea . . . XXIII 

The  Shore  of  the  Dead  Sea . XXIV 


xi 


Xll 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


PLATE 


The  Jordan  Ford .  XXV 

Looking  Up  the  Jordan .  XXVI 

Elisha’s  Spring  near  Jericho .  XXVII 

The  Mount  of  Temptation . XXVIII 

The  Jericho  Road  and  the  Samaritan  Inn .  XXIX 

The  Brook  Cherith .  XXX 

The  Apostles’  Spring  on  the  Jericho  Road .  XXXI 

The  Wilderness  of  Judaea  from  Jericho  Road .  XXXII 

The  Shadow  of  a  Great  Rock . XXXIII 

Bethany . XXXIV 

Ruin  of  the  Supposed  House  of  Mary  and  Martha .  XXXV 

Two  Women  Grinding . XXXVI 

The  Mount  of  Olives . XXXVII 

North-east  Corner  of  Jerusalem.  Mizpah  in  the  Background  .  .  .  XXXVIII 

Bethel . XXXIX 

A  Judaean  Highway .  XL 

Looking  North  toward  Shiloh . XLI 

Shechem  and  Mount  Gerizim  . .  XLII 

The  Old  Codex  at  Shechem . XLIII 

From  Mount  Ebal  over  Sychar,  Jacob’s  Well,  and  Mount  Gerizim  XLIV 

Ruins  Over  the  Site  of  Jacob’s  Well  . .  XLV 

Sychar,  Jacob’s  Well,  and  Mount  Gerizim .  XLVI 

The  Midst  of  Samaria .  XLVII 

The  City  of  Samaria  (Sebaste) . XLVIII 

Herod’s  Columns  at  Samaria,  or  Sebaste .  XLIX 

The  Plain  of  Jezreel .  L 

Ploughing  in  the  Plain  of  Jezreel .  LI 

A  Jordan  Ford .  LII 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


•  •  • 
Xlll 


PLATE 

Mount  Tabor  from  Mount  Carmel  . . .  LIII 

Nazareth  from  the  Damascus  Road .  LIV 

Mary’s  Well  at  Nazareth .  LV 

Nazareth  toward  Mount  Carmel .  LVI 

Cana  of  Galilee  . . .  LVII 

Mount  of  the  Beatitudes . .  LVIII 

The  Sea  of  Galilee . .  LIX 

Fishermen  Casting  Their  Nets . .  LX 

Over  the  Sea  toward  Capernaum . LXI 

Where  the  Jordan  Enters  the  Sea  of  Galilee .  LXI1 

Upper  Jordan  Valley .  LXII1 

Bedouin  Tents .  LXIV 

The  Waters  of  Merom  and  Mount  Hermon . .  LXV 

Still  Waters .  LXVI 

Roman  Bridge  over  the  Jordan . LXVII 

An  Oak  Tree . LXVIII 

Old  Roman  Bridge  near  Dan  (Caesarea  Philippi) .  LXIX 

The  Source  of  the  Jordan  ................  LXX 

Damascus  .....................  LXXI 

Snowy  Peaks  of  Mount  Hermon  . .  LXXII 

Mount  Lebanon . LXXIII 

The  Heart  of  Jerusalem  from  the  Mount  of  Olives  .......  LXXIV 

The  Mosque  of  Omar  on  the  Site  of  the  Temple  of  Jerusalem  .  .  .  LXXV 

The  Dome  of  the  Rock . LXXVI 

The  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  . . LXXVII 

The  Throng  of  Pilgrims  and  Others  ............  LXXVIII 

An  Old  House  with  an  Upper  Chamber .  LXXIX 

Coins  Used  in  Palestine  During  the  Time  of  Our  Lord  ......  LXXX 

The  Pool  of  Bethesda .  LXXXI 


XIV 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


PLATE 


An  Old  Street,  Jerusalem  . . .  LXXXII 

The  Wailing  Place  of  the  Jews,  Jerusalem . .  .  „  LXXXIII 

West  Wall  of  Jerusalem  ......  0  .  .  .  .  ...  .  LXXXIV 

Pool  of  Gihon . .  LXXXV 

South-eastern  Slope  of  Mount  Zion  ...........  LXXXVI 

The  Valley  of  Hinnom,  Gehenna . .  LXXXVII 

The  Pool  of  Siloam  .................  LXXXVIII 

The  Tyropoean  Valley  ................  LXXXIX 

The  King’s  Dale  and  Job’s  Well . .  XC 

South-east  Corner  of  the  Temple  Wall,  Looking  North  ....  XCI 

The  Spring  of  Mary,  or  the  Virgin’s  Well . .  XCII 

The  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat,  looking  Up  Kidron  Valley  ....  XCIII 

The  Gate  Beautiful,  or  the  Golden  Gate  .........  XCIV 

The  Garden  of  Gethsemane  and  the  City  Wall  of  Jerusalem  .  .  .  XCV 

The  Garden  of  Gethsemane  ..............  XCVI 

The  Damascus  Gate  . . .  XCVII 

A  Green  Hill  without  a  City  Wall  ............  XCVIII 

Gordon’s  Tomb  .  . . .  XCIX 

The  Stone  Rolled  Away  . .  C 

Map  showing  route  followed  by  the  author  .  facing  p .  3 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


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A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 

THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


THE  SOUTH 

After  many  days  we  arrived  off  the  coast  of  Palestine 
and  came  to  anchor  near  Joppa.  What  thoughts  arose  in  our 
minds  as  we  gazed  upon  that  land  for  the  first  time;  the 
Promised  Land,  that  land  that  has  been  the  great  passageway 
from  south  to  north  and  from  east  to  west,  the  little  land 
that  has  produced  the  three  great  living  religions  of  the  world, 
the  Holy  Land. 

There  being  no  harbor,  it  is  necessary  to  land  in  small 
boats,  and  no  landing  at  all  is  possible  in  rough  weather. 

One  of  the  remarkable  features  of  the  whole  coast  line  of 
Palestine  is  the  utter  lack  of  harbors.  For  this  reason  the 
land  was  never  attacked  by  sea.  Not  long  after  our  arrival 
quite  a  fleet  of  row-boats,  propelled  by  motley  crews,  swarmed 
about  our  vessel  in  utter  disorder,  and  we  received  our  first 
impressions  of  the  natives  of  the  land  of  the  present  day;  it 
seemed  as  though  Bedlam  was  let  loose.  One  must  expect  to 
find  this  state  of  things  in  every  Turkish  port;  no  discipline, 
no  order,  wild  gesticulations,  and  loud,  yelling  voices  unpleas¬ 
ant  to  the  ear,  impudent  demands  for  tips  or  “  bakshish,”  and 
generally  rough  treatment.  Passing  through  the  custom-house, 
we  walked  through  a  dirty  street  to  a  hotel. 


4 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


After  making  all  arrangements  with  a  dragoman,  or  head 
guide,  I  wandered  to  the  “house  of  one  Simon,  a  tanner/’ 
climbed  upon  the  roof,  and  there  for  the  first  time  saw  a  real 
Oriental  roof,  made  to  live  on  as  well  as  under. 

In  the  centre  of  it  was  a  square  opening,  large  enough  to 
let  down  “the  bed  wherein  the  sick  of  the  palsy  lay/’  which 
actually  happened  in  Capernaum.  (Mark  ii,  4.) 

From  the  roof  there  was  a  fine  view  of  the  rocky  shore 
where  the  cedars  of  Lebanon  were  landed  for  the  building  of 
the  temple  at  Jerusalem.  Legend  states  that  the  prophet 
Jonah  started  on  his  remarkable  voyage  from  one  of  these 
rocks,  and  near  by  are  shown  some  bones  of  a  gigantic  sea 
animal. 

Upon  another  rock  are  some  chains  with  which  (according 
to  legend)  Andromeda  was  bound  till  rescued  from  the  sea 
monster  by  Perseus. 

In  the  market-place  were  many  interesting  scenes  of  Ori¬ 
ental  flavor,  some  of  which  indicated  the  abject  condition  of 
womanhood  under  Islam  rule. 

One  handsome  fellow  in  bright-colored  costume  was  ped¬ 
dling  Syrian  bread,  which  looked  good  but  tasted  like  very 
sour  corn-bread  spread  over  with  ripe  Roquefort  cheese;  it 
was  awful,  but  after  two  weeks  in  the  Holy  Land  I  could  eat 
things  worse  than  that.  This  bread  seemed  to  be  typical  of 
the  condition  of  the  land  to-day,  or  rather  of  the  Christian 
religion  as  evinced  there  to-day  by  many  of  the  various 
church  sects  of  which  I  shall  speak  again. 

Joppa  was  anciently  a  Phoenician  colony  in  the  land  of  the 
Philistines.  Now  it  has  become  an  important  place  on  ac- 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


S 


count  of  the  great  number  of  pilgrims  who  arrive  there  every 
year.  It  is  interesting  to  the  traveller  because  of  the  pure 
Semitic  types  to  be  seen  for  the  first  time. 

From  Joppa  lead  three  great  roads,  or  highways;  one  to 
Nabulus  (Shechem),  another  to  Gaza,  and  the  third  to  Jeru¬ 
salem. 

For  quite  a  distance  the  Jerusalem  road  leads  through  the 
famous  orange  groves  of  Joppa  into  the  plain  of  Sharon,  the 
Hebrew  name  for  the  plain  between  Carmel  and  Joppa.  In 
the  early  spring  the  ground  is  brilliant  with  the  blossoms  of 
the  red  anemone,  the  “Rose  of  Sharon.” 

One  of  the  striking  features  of  the  plain  is  the  tower  of 
Ramleh,  or  the  tower  of  Omayyad  khalif  Suleiman  (A.  D.  716), 
from  the  top  of  which  is  a  charming  view  toward  Lydda,  which 
is  mentioned  in  a  very  early  period  in  connection  with  the 
legend  of  St.  George.  Mohammed  declared  that  at  the  last 
day  Christ  would  slay  Antichrist  at  the  gate  of  Lydda.  This 
is  simply  a  distorted  version  of  the  story  of  St.  George  and  the 
dragon.  The  whole  Maritime  Plain  presents  a  scene  of  quiet 
beauty,  a  marked  contrast  to  the  inhospitable  coast  which 
always  was  considered  the  western  boundary,  and  the  sea, 
a  barrier  instead  of  a  highway.  This  plain,  rising  in  gentle 
undulations  toward  the  Shephelah,  now  so  peaceful  and  fruit¬ 
ful,  has  ever  been  one  of  the  most  famous  war-paths  of  the 
world,  through  which  Thothmes,  Rameses,  Sennacherib,  Cam- 
byses,  Alexander,  Pompey,  Titus,  Saladin,  Napoleon,  and  many 
other  great  generals  have  led  their  armies.  Truly  this  Mari¬ 
time  Plain  may  be  likened  to  a  bridge  between  Asia  and  Africa. 
From  their  hills  the  Jews  could  watch  all  the  spectacle  of  war 


6 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


between  them  and  the  sea  years  before  Jerusalem  herself  was 
threatened.  (Isa.  v,  26.) 

Lydda,  or  Lod,  was  one  of  the  most  westerly  settlements 
of  the  Jews  after  the  exile,  for  there  were  no  smiths  in  Israel; 
so  the  Hebrews  came  down  to  the  Philistine  border  to  get 
their  ploughshares  and  mattocks  sharpened.  (I  Sam.  xiii,  19.) 

From  Ramleh  we  journeyed  up  through  the  vale  of  Ajalon 
(Josh,  x,  12)  toward  Jerusalem,  and  turned  south  toward 
Hebron.  On  the  way  we  passed  the  valley  of  Eshcol, 
from  which  the  spies  sent  out  by  Moses  brought  a  cluster 
of  grapes,  and  from  the  appearance  of  vines  growing  there 
to-day  one  might  imagine  they  dated  back  to  the  time  of 
Moses. 

Near  Hebron  we  camped  under  the  shade  of  an  ancient 
oak  known  as  Abraham’s  Oak,  in  the  plains  of  Mamre  so 
closely  connected  with  Abraham’s  life. 

Hebron,  a  city  older  than  Zoan,  is  now  occupied  by  the 
most  fanatical  and  detestable  specimens  of  Mussulmans  I 
have  ever  come  in  contact  with. 

Now  no  Christian  dog  is  permitted  to  enter  the  mosque 
with  two  minarets,  built  over  the  double  cavern  of  Machpelah, 
the  burial-place  purchased  by  Abraham  from  Ephron,  the 
Hittite,  when  Sarah  died.  Isaac  and  Jacob  are  said  to  be 
buried  here  also.  Of  the  many  traditions  which  cling  to  the 
vicinity  of  Hebron,  two  are  most  interesting  which  localize 
the  creation  and  the  death  of  Adam  here. 

So  many  things  actually  happened  at  Hebron,  or  very  near 
it,  that  one  may  entirely  discard  all  legends  and  traditions  and 
be  satisfied  with  historical  facts.  After  the  many  references 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


7 


to  Abraham  and  his  family,  we  find  that  the  city  was  de¬ 
stroyed  by  Joshua  and  became  the  chief  city  of  the  tribe  of 
Caleb.  David  spent  a  long  time  in  this  vicinity,  and  after 
Saul’s  death  he  ruled  over  Judah  from  Hebron  for  seven  and 
a  half  years. 

“When  Abner  was  returned  to  Hebron,  Joab  took  him 
aside  in  the  gate  to  speak  with  him  quietly,  and  smote  him 
there  under  the  fifth  rib,  that  he  died,  for  the  blood  of  Asahel 
his  brother.” 

And  David  caused  the  murderers  of  Ishbosheth,  the  son 
of  Saul,  to  be  hanged  by  the  pool  of  Hebron. 

During  the  Muslim  period  the  town  was  still  important  not 
only  on  account  of  its  commerce,  but  also  as  a  sacred  place, 
owing  to  its  connection  with  Abraham,  who  was  represented 
by  Mohammed  as  a  great  prophet,  and  to  this  day  the  Arabs 
call  it  “El-Khalil, ”  or  the  town  of  the  “friend  of  God.” 

Being  repelled  in  every  way  by  the  fanatical  inhabitants, 
we  were  glad  to  leave  the  town  and  turn  northward  toward 
Bethlehem.  On  the  way  we  passed  the  pools  known  as  Solo¬ 
mon’s  Pools,  the  upper  of  which  is  best  preserved.  We  camped 
on  a  hill  overlooking  the  Shepherd’s  Village,  where  the  shep¬ 
herds  “watched  their  flocks”  just  below  Bethlehem,  the  place 
of  bread,  the  city  of  David. 

It  was  well  that  we  did  not  enter  Bethlehem  that  evening, 
for  as  twilight  waned  we  sat  on  the  ground  like  the  shepherds 
of  old  and  gazed  toward  that  sacred  spot  where  “she  brought 
forth  her  first-born  son,  and  wrapped  him  in  swaddling- 
clothes,  and  laid  him  in  a  manger,  because  there  was  no  room 
for  them  in  the  inn.”  “And  they  shall  call  his  name  Em- 


8 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


manuel,  which  being  interpreted  is,  God  with  us;”  “and  he 
called  his  name  Jesus.” 

Until  very  late  we  sat  meditating,  not  speaking  to  one 
another,  overwhelmed  with  the  consciousness  of  being  near 
the  place  where  the  most  momentous  prophecy  was  fulfilled. 

The  next  morning  I  stood  before  the  low,  narrow  entrance 
to  the  Church  of  the  Nativity,  or  the  Church  of  St.  Mary,  per¬ 
haps  the  oldest  Christian  church  in  the  world,  and  wondered 
why  the  great  doorways  had  been  walled  up  with  heavy 
masonry.  I  soon  learned  that  this  was  done  to  prevent  the 
Mohammedan  soldiers  from  driving  their  horses  into  the 
church  and  using  it  as  a  stable. 

The  exterior  of  the  church  is  in  appearance  very  ancient 
and  not  at  all  imposing.  The  interior,  divided  into  three  parts, 
one  belonging  to  the  Greeks,  another  to  the  Latins,  and  the 
third  to  the  Armenians,  is  a  great  surprise  and  is  very  impres¬ 
sive.  The  church  is  built  over  the  traditional  birthplace  of 
Jesus  Christ.  In  the  crypt  is  the  manger,  entirely  different 
from  those  depicted  by  great  painters,  and  yet,  with  all  the 
lamps  and  decorations  removed,  it  is  exactly  like  many  a  man¬ 
ger  I  saw  in  actual  use  in  the  land. 

Not  one  of  the  paintings  of  the  Nativity  that  I  have  seen 
gives  the  slightest  idea  of  a  Syrian  manger.  Perhaps  that  by 
Murillo,  in  Berlin,  or  “The  Holy  Night,”  by  Correggio,  in 
Dresden,  are  the  most  beautiful,  though  not  correct. 

Whether  this  traditional  manger  is  the  exact  spot  where 
the  Saviour  was  born  matters  little  to  me.  If  this  is  not  the 
place,  it  must  have  been  very  near  by;  far  above  this  little 
matter  of  doubt  is  the  great  fact,  “Fear  not:  for,  behold,  I 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


9 


bring  you  tidings  of  great  joy.”  .  .  .  “For  unto  us  a  child  is 
born,  unto  us  a  son  is  given:  and  the  government  shall  be 
upon  his  shoulders:  and  his  name  shall  be  called  Wonderful, 
Counsellor,  the  Mighty  God,  the  Everlasting  Father,  the 
Prince  of  Peace.” 

It  is  of  more  than  passing  interest  to  note  that  the  “Bread 
of  Life”  was  born  in  Bethlehem,  which  in  Hebrew  means  the 
place  of  bread. 

From  the  most  ancient  times  this  region  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Bethlehem  has  presented  a  marked  contrast  to  the 
surrounding  wilderness,  for  that  is  what  most  of  Judea  is. 
Around  the  town  are  many  fertile  fields  apparently  fenced  in 
by  stone  walls,  but  these  are  simply  formed  by  the  stones 
picked  out  of  the  fields  themselves.  The  finest  are  the  “Fields 
of  Boaz,  ”  just  below  the  city  toward  the  Dead  Sea.  Here  is 
the  scene  of  the  beautiful  idyl  of  Ruth.  Even  to  this  day  the 
gleaners  follow  the  reapers  who  often  “let  fall  also  some  of 
the  handfuls,”  for  the  method  of  reaping  has  not  changed 
since  the  time  of  Moses.  After  the  reaping  comes  the  thresh¬ 
ing,  which  is  done  on  the  old-fashioned  threshing-floor. 

As  we  journeyed  from  Bethlehem  toward  the  Dead  Sea,  I 
saw  two  shepherds  leading  their  flocks  into  green  pastures. 
This  was  such  a  beautiful  illustration  of  the  Twenty-third 
Psalm  that  I  talked  with  the  shepherds  and  asked  one  of  them 
to  go  around  to  the  other  side  of  the  hill  and  then  call  his 
sheep.  He  did  so,  giving  a  peculiar  call — “Br-Br-Br-Br — Ha- 
Ha-Ha-Ha  ! ! !  ”  Instantly  the  sheep  looked  up,  began  to  bleat, 
and  ran  toward  him — they  knew  his  voice.  Then  I  tried  to 
imitate  the  shepherd;  the  sheep  looked  up,  but  they  would 


io 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


not  follow;  they  ran  from  me.  “And  a  stranger  will  they 
not  follow,  but  will  flee  from  him:  for  they  know  not  the 
voice  of  strangers.” 

Hanging  from  the  arm  of  one  of  the  shepherds  was  a  curious 
leathern  bag  made  from  the  whole  skin  of  a  kid.  In  it  were 
several  round  stones  and  a  sling  made  of  camel’s  hair.  When 
a  sheep  wanders  too  far  away  the  shepherd  puts  a  stone  in 
the  sling  and  casts  it  cleverly  so  that  it  strikes  the  ground 
directly  in  front  of  the  wandering  sheep,  causing  it  to  look  up 
and  so  notice  that  it  has  gone  astray — “All  we  like  sheep 
have  gone  astray:  we  have  turned  every  one  to  his  own 
way.” 

This  took  me  back  to  the  time  of  David  (I  Sam.  xvii,  40) : 
“And  he  took  his  staff  in  his  hand,  and  chose  him  five  smooth 
stones  out  of  the  brook  and  put  them  in  a  shepherd’s  bag 
which  he  had,  even  in  a  scrip;  and  his  sling  was  in  his  hand: 
and  he  drew  near  the  Philistine.”  This  seemed  to  me  but 
as  yesterday,  for  I  was  living  amid  customs  that  have  not 
changed  in  thousands  of  years.  Is  He  not  “the  same  yester¬ 
day,  and  to-day,  and  forever”? 

When  a  shepherd  goes  out  alone  he  invariably  carries  with 
him  his  pipes,  made  of  reeds,  upon  which  he  plays  the  weirdest 
melodies.  Strange  as  it  may  seem,  this  music  keeps  the  shep¬ 
herd  from  becoming  crazed  by  solitude. 

After  leaving  the  shepherds  we  began  to  penetrate  the 
wilderness  in  earnest.  Palestine  is  not  an  easyland  to  journey 
through  on  account  of  the  many  valleys,  or  wadys.  One  of  the 
deepest  and  almost  impossible  to  cross  is  the  valley  of  the 
brook  Kidron  which  flows  down  from  Jerusalem  to  the  Dead 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


ii 


Sea.  In  a  remote  part  of  this  valley  is  situated  the  monastery 
of  Mar  Saba  belonging  to  Greek  priests.  In  the  fifth  century 
a  settlement  of  monks  was  founded  here  by  St.  Euthuymius. 
His  pupil  Sabas  became  famous  for  his  sanctity  and  founded 
the  order  of  Sabaites;  hence  the  name. 

As  we  approached  the  region  near  the  Dead  Sea  the  wil¬ 
derness  became  still  more  desolate,  and  this  desolation  extends 
from  the  Dead  Sea  up  to  within  an  hour  or  two  of  Hebron, 
Bethlehem,  and  Jerusalem;  so  that  it  is  easy  to  realize  the 
effect  upon  the  ancient  natives  of  Judea,  judging  by  that  upon 
the  casual  visitor — an  overpowering  sense  of  how  narrow  the 
border  line  is  between  life  and  death,  a  realization  of  the  power 
of  the  Almighty  who  can  make  contiguous  regions  so  opposite 
in  character.  The  prophets  Amos  and  Jeremiah  both  felt  the 
fascination  of  the  desert  and  painted  many  a  word  picture  of 
the  wrath  of  God  or  of  his  divine  grace. 

The  story  of  Saul’s  hunt  after  David  and  the  latter’s  nar¬ 
row  escapes  becomes  very  vivid  to  one  traversing  these  valleys, 
all  alike,  where  large  parties  of  men  might  encamp  near  each 
other  without  being  aware  of  it.  In  addition  to  this  wilderness 
being  a  refuge  for  fugitives,  we  must  remember  that  it  was 
where  John  the  Baptist  was  prepared  for  his  mission,  and  it 
was  here  that  our  Lord  suffered  his  temptation. 

All  the  way  from  Bethlehem  the  route  seemed  to  be  de¬ 
scending  until  we  caught  a  glimpse  of  the  Dead  Sea  far  below 
us;  then  we  realized  that  we  were  approaching  that  remark¬ 
able  sink  thirteen  hundred  feet  below  the  level  of  the  Mediter¬ 
ranean  Sea  and  thirty-eight  hundred  feet  below  the  altitude 
of  Bethlehem. 


12 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


Although  it  was  March,  we  began  to  suffer  from  the  intense 
heat.  Still  we  wound  our  way  around  barren  hills  until  we 
stood  on  the  shore  of  the  Dead  Sea,  the  water  of  which  is  so 
heavily  impregnated  with  salt  and  other  chemicals  that  no 
fish  can  live  in  it.  So  dense  is  this  water  that  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  swim  in  it;  the  body  floats  on  the  surface  as 
if  it  were  cork. 

As  we  gazed  in  every  direction  through  the  peculiar  haze 
ever  present  in  this  part  of  the  Jordan  Valley,  we  saw  no  signs 
of  life;  everywhere  evidences  of  death  and  destruction.  Of 
the  cities  that  once  thrived  in  this  awful  hollow,  not  a  trace 
is  left.  Though  Sodom  and  Gomorrah  were  destroyed  cen¬ 
turies  ago,  the  glare  of  that  catastrophe  is  still  terrible  in  the 
symbolism  used  by  the  prophets  and  our  Lord. 

From  the  place  where  the  river  Jordan  flows  into  the  Dead 
Sea,  it  takes  about  an  hour  to  ride  to  the  Jordan  ford.  Pil¬ 
grims  are  attracted  to  this  spot  because  of  its  association  with 
John  the  Baptist  and  the  baptism  of  Christ. 

The  Jordan,  as  a  river,  was  a  great  disappointment  to  me, 
for  it  is  not  even  picturesque.  The  water  is  turbid  and  warm 
and  hardly  fit  to  drink  on  account  of  its  salinity.  The  banks 
are  covered  with  a  rank  growth  of  reeds,  thorn  bushes,  and 
stunted  trees  which  plainly  show  the  effects  of  the  spring  fresh¬ 
ets,  and  the  current  is  very  swift,  rushing  along  as  if  enraged 
at  being  compelled  to  flow  into  the  Salt  Sea. 

From  the  Sea  or  Lake  of  Galilee  (six  hundred  and  eighty 
feet  minus)  to  the  Dead  Sea  (thirteen  hundred  feet  minus)  is 
a  distance  of  about  sixty-five  miles;  therefore  the  descent  is 
nearly  ten  feet  to  the  mile,  hence  its  name  Jordan,  the  Down- 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


13 


comer.  The  difficulty  of  fording  it,  or  of  swimming  across  it 
on  account  of  the  whirling  currents,  added  to  the  other  phys¬ 
ical  features  mentioned,  simply  emphasizes  the  idea  of  separa¬ 
tion;  it  surely  was  a  dividing  line. 

From  the  time  when  the  Israelites  crossed  the  river  and 
entered  the  promised  land  down  to  the  moment  when  Elijah 
smote  the  waters  and  crossed  over,  the  river  was  a  bound¬ 
ary.  When  Elisha  smote  the  waters  with  the  mantle  of 
Elijah  and  returned  to  the  land,  the  sons  of  the  prophets  said: 
“The  spirit  of  Elijah  doth  rest  on  Elisha!  And  they  came  to 
meet  him,  and  bowed  themselves  to  the  ground  before  him.” 
This  was  the  beginning  of  a  new  dispensation,  the  beginning 
of  prophecy.  The  instrument  of  the  Most  High  was  to  be 
not  the  state,  not  the  laws,  not  even  the  church,  but  the  spirit 
of  one  man. 

Elisha  was  the  first  to  use  the  river  for  a  sacramental 
purpose;  he  said  to  Naaman  the  leper,  “Go  wash  in  Jordan 
seven  times  .  .  .  and  thou  shalt  be  clean.”  Was  not  Israel’s 
greatest  river  consecrated  by  these  two  acts  most  sym¬ 
bolic  of  religion — the  washing  by  water  and  the  gift  of  the 
Spirit? 

Is  it  not  more  than  passing  strange  that  John,  in  this  very 
place,  called  upon  Israel  to  wash  and  be  clean;  and  that  where 
Elijah  bequeathed  his  spirit  to  Elisha  before  he  departed,  John 
met  his  successor  of  whom  he  said,  “There  cometh  He  that 
is  mightier  than  I  after  me,  the  latchet  of  whose  shoes  I  am 
not  worthy  to  stoop  down  and  unloose.  I  indeed  have  bap¬ 
tized  you  with  water,  but  He  shall  baptize  you  with  the  Holy 
Ghost”  ? 


H 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


And  so  what  was  never  a  great  Jewish  river  has  become 
a  very  great  Christian  one. 

From  the  Jordan  ford  we  turned  north-west  toward  Jeri¬ 
cho.  It  was  very  hot  and  so  we  were  compelled  to  ride  slowly, 
when  suddenly  our  horses  pricked  up  their  ears,  began  to  neigh, 
and  increased  their  speed  until  we  came  to  a  little  stream  of 
living  water  where  the  horses  plunged  in  and  drank.  LTpon 
discovering  that  the  water  was  fit  to  drink,  I  fell  prone  on  my 
face  and  drank  till  I  could  drink  no  more.  For  nearly  a  week 
I  had  tasted  nothing  but  stale  water  purchased  in  Joppa.  At 
last  I  understood  what  the  Psalmist  meant  when  he  said,  “As 
the  hart  panteth  after  the  water  brooks,  so  panteth  my  soul 
after  thee,  O  God.” 

We  pitched  our  tents  near  the  source  of  this  little  brook, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Judean  hills,  where  the  natives  have  con¬ 
structed  a  small  pool  called  the  Sultan’s  Spring.  Christians 
call  it  Elisha’s  Spring,  because  it  is  believed  to  be  the  spring 
into  which  he  cast  the  salt  and  said,  “Thus  saith  the  Lord,  I 
have  healed  these  waters;  there  shall  not  be  from  thence  any 
more  death  or  barren  land.” 

Near  by  are  remains  of  a  Roman  road  and  a  scanty  ruin 
said  to  be  the  house  of  Rahab  who  saved  the  two  men  sent  by 
Joshua  to  spy  secretly.  (Josh,  ii.)  West  of  the  camp  was  a  very 
high  mountain  which  some  say  is  the  Mount  of  Temptation. 

Early  in  the  morning  we  turned  our  faces  toward  Jerusa¬ 
lem  and  began  to  ascend  by  the  famous  Jericho  road.  I  have 
no  doubt  that  our  Lord  and  his  disciples  made  use  of  this 
highway  when  “He  steadfastly  set  his  face  to  go  to  Jerusa¬ 
lem.”  (Luke  ix,  51.) 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


i5 


On  the  way  we  passed  by  the  ruins  of  an  inn  said  to  be  the 
scene  of  the  parable  of  the  good  Samaritan  who  helped  the 
man  who  fell  among  thieves.  I  have  no  doubt  of  the  truth  of 
the  latter  assertion,  for  the  thieves’  descendants  are  there  to¬ 
day.  While  the  rest  of  the  party  went  on,  I  climbed  up  one 
of  the  hills  by  the  side  of  the  road  so  that  I  could  look  down 
into  the  valley  of  the  brook  Cherith  (I  Kings  xvii)  where 
Elijah  hid  himself  from  Jezebel. 

About  half-way  to  Jerusalem  we  passed  a  poor  little  spring, 
the  only  one  on  the  way,  called  the  Apostle’s  Spring,  near 
which  were  several  hundreds  of  Russian  pilgrims  on  their  way 
to  be  baptized  in  the  Jordan.  They  had  stopped  for  rest  and 
their  mid-day  meal,  after  which  they  arose  and  sang  a  thrilling 
chant  of  thanksgiving.  Never  have  I  been  so  moved  by  any 
choir  or  chorus  in  my  own  land.  Their  luncheon  consisted  of 
a  crust  of  bread  and  a  little  tea.  Weary  and  footsore,  they 
slowly  went  on  their  way  steadfastly  toward  the  Jordan. 
Many  were  nearing  the  horizon  of  life,  having  toiled  for  many 
years  to  save  enough  to  make  this  pilgrimage.  In  spite  of 
everything  there  was  a  look  upon  their  faces  that  I  shall 
never  forget.  I  felt  almost  ashamed  to  be  on  horseback. 

This  highway  through  the  wilderness  is  very  dreary,  and 
the  reflection  of  the  sun’s  rays  from  the  white  limestone  for¬ 
mation  is  almost  unbearable.  There  is  no  shelter  from  the 
heat  of  the  day,  no  tree,  and  only  here  and  there  a  tuft  of  grass 
upon  which  the  goats  and  sheep  exist. 

Oh!  for  the  shade  of  a  tree  only  for  a  little  while!  As  this 
thought  or  prayer  possessed  me  I  turned,  and  before  my  eyes 
was  a  beautiful  illustration  of  “The  shadow  of  a  great  rock 


i6 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


in  a  weary  land.”  There  before  me  were  little  kids  and  lambs 
resting  in  the  shadow  of  a  great  rock.  So  comfortable  were 
they,  nestled  together  in  that  refreshing  shadow,  I  had  not 
the  heart  to  drive  them  away,  for  I  was  thinking  of  the  prophet 
Isaiah’s  words,  “For  thou  hast  been  a  strength  to  the  poor,  a 
strength  to  the  needy  in  his  distress,  a  refuge  from  the  storm, 
a  shadow  from  the  heat.”  Surely,  his  mercy  endureth  forever. 

As  I  stood  near  this  great  rock  and  gazed  over  Judea  to¬ 
ward  the  Jordan  I  asked  myself  if  the  land  was  always  as  it 
is  to-day — a  land  of  stone,  almost  waterless,  most  of  it  tree¬ 
less,  here  and  there  small  patches  where  the  vine  might  grow, 
no  fields,  except  around  Bethlehem,  where  grain  would  thrive, 
no  farming  as  we  understand  it,  nothing  but  here  and  there 
wandering  shepherds  searching  for  green  pastures  for  their 
flocks  ? 

Jeremiah  answered  my  question  when  he  said  (xxxiii,  io, 
12,  13),  “Thus  saith  the  Lord  of  Hosts;  again  in  this  place 
which  is  desolate  without  man  and  without  beast,  and  in  all 
the  cities  thereof,  shall  be  an  habitation  of  shepherds  causing 
their  flocks  to  lie  down.” 

“In  the  cities  of  the  mountains,  in  the  cities  of  the  vale, 
and  in  the  cities  of  the  south,  and  in  the  land  of  Benjamin,  and 
in  the  places  about  Jerusalem,  and  in  the  cities  of  Judah, 
shall  the  flocks  pass  again  under  the  hands  of  him  that  tell- 
eth  them,  saith  the  Lord.” 

Judah  was  destined  to  be  pastoral,  in  Judah  the  Good 
Shepherd  was  born,  in  Judah  the  Good  Shepherd  gave  his 
life  for  the  sheep.  (John  x,  11,  15.) 

“All  we  like  sheep  have  gone  astray;  we  have  turned  every 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


1 7 

one  to  his  own  way;  and  the  Lord  hath  laid  on  him  the  in¬ 
iquity  of  us  all.”  (Isa.  liii,  6.) 

“I  have  blotted  out  as  a  thick  cloud,  thy  transgressions, 
and  as  a  cloud,  thy  sins:  return  to  me;  for  I  have  redeemed 
thee.”  (I  sa.  xliv,  22.) 

Hot  and  weary,  we  slowly  followed  the  Jericho  road  until 
we  reached  the  little  town  of  Bethany  where  Jesus  often 
lodged;  where  he  was  anointed  by  Mary  with  the  precious 
ointment;  where  he  raised  Lazarus  from  the  dead;  and 
where  the  ascension  took  place.  The  supposed  ruins  of  the 
house  of  Mary  and  her  sister  Martha  are  still  shown,  and 
directly  behind  is  a  little  mosque  with  a  small  dome,  built 
by  the  Mohammedans  over  the  tomb  of  Lazarus,  for  they 
regard  him  as  a  saint.  There  is  nothing  to  prove  that  these 
two  sites  are  genuine,  nor  is  anything  certain  known  regard¬ 
ing  the  places  here  visited  by  Christ.  The  town  is  situated 
on  a  hill,  somewhat  like  Bethlehem,  and  presents  a  pleasing 
contrast  to  the  desolate  environs  on  account  of  the  olive  and 
fig  trees  which  seem  to  thrive  here  as  they  used  to  in  the  time 
of  Christ.  (Matt,  xxi,  19.) 

As  we  left  Bethany  I  saw  two  women  at  a  mill  grinding 
together  just  as  Christ  had  said,  “Two  women  shall  be  grind- 
ing  together;  the  one  shall  be  taken,  and  the  other  left.” 
(Luke  xvii,  35.) 

Between  Bethany  and  Jerusalem  rises  the  Mount  of 
Olives  to  an  altitude  of  over  two  thousand  seven  hundred 
feet.  It  is  stony  and  barren  like  most  of  the  hills  around 
Jerusalem,  but  the  slopes  are  partially  cultivated  and  there 
are  still  a  few  olive  trees  growing  upon  it. 


i8 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


Ezekiel  and  Zechariah  both  mentioned  the  Mount  of 
Olives,  and  Matthew,  Mark,  and  Luke  often  refer  to  it  as  a 
place  frequented  by  Christ. 

Quite  a  number  of  buildings  have  been  erected  upon  the 
mount  by  the  various  religious  sects,  each  claiming  to  have 
the  true  location  of  places  associated  with  Christ  during  his 
sojourn  in  and  near  Jerusalem.  So  bitterly  do  the  followers 
of  the  different  Christian  churches  dispute  about  these  and 
other  things  that  they  often  come  to  blows. 

While  I  was  in  the  Holy  Land,  the  priests  of  one  church 
got  into  an  altercation  with  those  of  another  and  fought  each 
other  with  the  brass-bound  books  of  the  church.  Two  were 
killed  and  many  were  seriously  injured  in  a  building  conse¬ 
crated  to  the  worship  of  him  who  said,  “By  this  shall  all  men 
know  that  ye  are  my  disciples,  if  ye  have  love  one  to  another.” 

The  ignominy  of  this  disgraceful  incident  was  increased 
by  the  fact  that  Mohammedan  soldiers  were  summoned  to 
quell  the  disturbance.  Now  I  know  at  least  one  reason  why 
Mohammedans  despise  Christians.  “Thou  makest  us  a  re¬ 
proach  to  our  neighbors,  a  scorn  and  a  derision  to  them  that 
are  round  about  us.”  (Psalms  xliv,  13.) 

Had  it  not  been  for  one  of  my  favorite  verses  in  the  Bible, 
I  should  have  then  and  there  given  up  my  camera  crusade 
and  my  search  for  the  truth  in  the  Holy  Land.  “Let  not 
your  heart  be  troubled:  ye  believe  in  God,  believe  also  in  me.” 

The  shock  was  so  great,  however,  that  I  did  not  then 
go  into  Jerusalem;  I  looked  over  the  city  from  the  Mount 
of  Olives,  north-west  toward  Mizpah  in  the  distance,  and 
started  north  toward  Samaria. 


THE  NORTH 


After  a  ride  of  about  four  hours  we  arrived  at  Bethel, 
one  of  the  ancient  sanctuaries  of  Israel  and  the  lower  boun¬ 
dary  of  Samaria.  Here  it  was  that  Jacob  had  his  wonderful 
vision,  “and  he  called  the  name  of  that  place  Bethel:  but 
the  name  of  that  city  was  called  Luz  at  first.” 

Bethel  means  God’s  house.  Of  the  ancient  city  nothing 
is  left;  the  site  of  it  is  now  occupied  by  a  few  stone  hovels 
that  shelter  a  disreputable  gang  of  thieves.  (Jer.  vii,  n.) 
This  is  very  much  like  the  temple  at  Jerusalem  in  the  time 
of  Christ:  “My  house  shall  be  called  the  house  of  prayer; 
but  ye  have  made  it  a  den  of  thieves.”  (Matt,  xxi,  13.) 

The  great  highway  leading  northward  from  Jerusalem  to 
Samaria  is  the  worst  specimen  of  a  road  I  have  ever  seen. 
Now  I  know  why  there  were  no  chariots  in  Judea  with  the 
exception  of  those  on  two  funereal  occasions:  first,  when  his 
servants  carried  Ahaziah  in  a  chariot  to  Jerusalem  from  the 
plain  of  Megiddo;  and,  secondly,  when  Josiah  was  carried 
back  to  the  same  city.  (II  Kings  ix,  28;  II  Chron.  xxxv,  24.) 

When  people  came  down  from  Galilee  or  Samaria,  they 
generally  went  down  the  Jordan  valley  and  then  took  the 
Jericho  road  up  to  Jerusalem. 

Not  far  north  of  Bethel  there  is  a  splendid  view  of  the 
stony  hills  and  fertile  valleys  of  Samaria.  Upon  some  of  the 

high  places  or  hills  were  little  villages,  almost  indistinguish- 

19 


20 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


able,  because  the  small  houses  were  built  of  the  same  kind  of 
stone  so  plentiful  everywhere. 

One  never  sees  farm-houses  scattered  over  the  country 
as  in  other  lands;  they  are  always  grouped  close  together  on 
a  high  place  as  in  ancient  times.  For  as  of  old,  even  to  this 
day,  bands  of  Arab  marauders  swoop  down  upon  these  val¬ 
leys,  like  a  hawk  upon  its  prey  without  warning,  and  they 
leave  nothing  of  any  value  after  them. 

Upon  one  of  the  hills  to  the  right  were  some  large  hewn 
stones;  these  indicated  the  site  of  Shiloh,  the  home  of  Eli 
and  of  the  boy  Samuel,  the  place  where  the  whole  congre¬ 
gation  of  the  children  of  Israel  assembled  together  and  set  up 
the  tabernacle  of  the  congregation. 

The  story  of  the  capture  of  the  Ark  of  the  Covenant  by 
the  Philistines  and  its  subsequent  return  to  Shiloh  is  one  of 
the  most  dramatic  descriptions  in  the  Bible.  (I  Sam.  iv,  v, 
vi,  vii.) 

It  is  not  known  when  the  destruction  of  Shiloh  took  place, 
although  it  is  referred  to  in  Jer.  vii,  12,  14,  and  xxvi,  6. 

Late  in  the  afternoon,  after  riding  all  day  through  narrow, 
winding  valleys,  we  entered  a  beautiful  broad  valley  which  is 
guarded  by  the  great  Mount  Gerizim  and  Mount  Ebal.  The 
view  was  more  impressive  than  any  we  had  yet  seen,  quite  in 
keeping  with  the  entrance  of  the  Israelites  into  the  promised 
land  and  the  great  events  which  took  place  on  and  near  these 
two  mountains. 

Sichem,  or  Shechem,  the  first  capital  of  the  land,  and  now 
the  capital  of  the  province,  is  situated  in  the  pass  between 
Mount  Ebal  and  Mount  Gerizim.  Abraham  and  Jacob  came 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


21 


at  once  to  Sichem  on  their  entrance  into  the  promised  land. 
Mount  Ebal  and  Mount  Gerizim  together  were  the  scene  of 
the  great  inaugural  service  by  all  Israel  on  taking  possession 
of  the  country. 

The  episode  of  Abimelech  occurred  at  Shechem,  and  here 
was  held  the  national  assembly  which  resulted  in  the  separa¬ 
tion  of  the  northern  tribes  from  the  southern.  Jeroboam  made 
Shechem  his  residence,  while  Rehoboam  “made  speed  to  get 
him  up  to  his  chariot,  to  flee  to  Jerusalem.”  To  make  the  sep¬ 
aration  more  complete  and  to  prevent  his  people  from  going 
to  Jerusalem  to  worship,  Jeroboam  set  up  a  golden  image  in 
Dan  and  another  in  Bethel. 

The  environs  of  Shechem  are  very  fertile  and  there  are 
copious  springs,  but  the  water  is  not  pleasant  to  drink  be¬ 
cause  it  contains  so  much  carbonate  of  lime  in  solution.  Many 
of  these  springs  become  exhausted  during  the  summer  months. 

A  few  of  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  Samaritans  still 
dwell  here,  and  in  their  synagogue  they  jealously  guard  a  very 
old  codex  of  the  Pentateuch.  Although  all  these  things  are 
intensely  interesting,  they  are  eclipsed  by  a  “parcel  of  ground 
that  Jacob  gave  to  his  son  Joseph.  Now  Jacob's  well  was 
there.”  (John  iv,  5,  6;  Gen.  xxxiii,  19.) 

From  the  eastern  slope  of  Mount  Ebal  there  is  a  magnifi¬ 
cent  view  of  Mount  Gerizim  and  the  valley  to  the  south.  Im¬ 
mediately  below  Mount  Ebal  lies  the  little  village  of  Ain  Askar, 
or  Sychar,  while  a  little  farther  on  is  “a  parcel  of  ground” 
surrounded  by  a  stone  wall,  built  by  the  Greeks  who  now  own 
this  property.  Within  the  enclosure  is  the  ruin  of  a  very  old 
church,  built  many  centuries  ago,  directly  over  Jacob’s  well. 


22 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


There  is  not  the  shadow  of  a  doubt  about  this  being  the  well. 
Jews,  Christians,  and  Muslims  all  agree  that  it  is  the  well  of 
Jacob. 

In  order  to  reach  this  sacred  spot,  it  is  necessary  to  climb 
down  some  steep  steps  into  a  small  chapel  which  was  built 
directly  over  the  well  itself.  As  I  entered  I  felt,  as  I  did  in  no 
other  place  in  the  Holy  Land,  that  I  was  in  a  holy  place;  for 
this  was  the  well  upon  which  Jesus  sat,  being  wearied  with  his 
journey,  and  there  came  a  woman  of  Samaria  to  draw  water. 
“  Jesus  saith  unto  her,  Give  me  to  drink.”  After  a  wonderful 
conversation,  full  of  spiritual  meaning,  the  woman  said,  “I 
know  that  Messias  cometh,  which  is  called  Christ:  when  he  is 
come,  he  will  tell  us  all  things.” 

“Jesus  saith  unto  her,  I  that  speak  unto  thee  am  He.” 
(John  iv,  3-26.) 

Long  ago  when  Moses  turned  aside  to  see  why  the  bush 
was  not  burnt,  God  called  to  him  and  said,  “Draw  not  nigh 
hither;  put  off  thy  shoes  from  off  thy  feet,  for  the  place 
whereon  thou  standest  is  holy  ground.” 

“Moreover  he  said,  I  am  the  God  of  thy  father,  the  God 
of  Abraham,  the  God  of  Isaac,  and  the  God  of  Jacob.  And 
Moses  hid  his  face;  for  he  was  afraid  to  look  upon  God.” 
(Ex.  iii,  3-6.) 

“And  God  said  unto  Moses,  I  am  that  I  am.”  (Ex.  iii,  14.) 

“Jesus  said  unto  them,  Verily,  verily,  I  say  unto  you,  Be¬ 
fore  Abraham  was,  I  am.”  (John  viii,  58.)  “I  am  Alpha 
and  Omega.  The  beginning  and  the  end,  saith  the  Lord 
which  is,  and  which  was,  and  which  is  to  come,  the  Almighty.” 
(Rev.  i,  8.) 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


23 


Overwhelmed  with  emotions  that  surpass  description,  I 
slowly  left  the  well  of  Jacob.  “Whosoever  drinketh  of  the 
water  that  I  shall  give  him  shall  never  thirst;  but  the  water 
that  I  shall  give  him  shall  be  in  him  a  well  of  water  springing 
up  into  everlasting  life.”  (John  iv,  14.) 

“And  whosoever  will,  let  him  take  the  water  of  life  freely.” 
(Rev.  xxii,  17.) 

That  curbstone  over  Jacob’s  well  was  my  “Ebenezer”; 
for  there  the  Lord  helped  me.  There,  at  that  stone,  came  to 
me  the  “Peace  of  God  which  passeth  all  understanding.” 

As  the  shepherd  puts  a  stone  in  his  sling  and  casts  it  at 
a  wandering  sheep,  as  I  have  already  mentioned,  so  it  seems 
to  me  God  Almighty  often  throws  a  stone  that  it  may  cause 
the  wanderer  to  look  up.  “For  whom  the  Lord  loveth  he 
chasteneth.”  (Heb.  xii,  6.) 

“  Blessed  is  the  man  whom  thou  chasteneth,  0  Lord,  and 
teachest  him  out  of  thy  law.”  (Psalm  xciv,  12.) 

Only  a  short  distance  from  the  well  is  the  village  of  Sychar, 
where  a  Samaritan  woman  lived  who  went  to  the  well  to 
draw  water.  I  walked  through  the  village  and  chanced  to 
see  a  Samaritan  woman  with  a  water  jar  on  her  head  about 
to  go  to  draw  water. 

My  camera  caught  a  picture  that  will  live  with  me  for¬ 
ever,  a  woman  of  Samaria,  carrying  her  little  child  in  her 
bosom,  standing  in  a  doorway  which  had  been  sprinkled 
with  the  blood  of  a  lamb — for  it  was  at  the  time  of  the  feast 
of  the  Passover — “There  cometh  a  woman  of  Samaria  to 
draw  water.”  It  was  early  in  the  morning  that  she  came  out 
of  the  door  to  go  and  draw  water,  quite  in  keeping  with  the 


H 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


old  law  of  Moses:  “Draw  out  and  take  you  a  lamb  accord¬ 
ing  to  your  families,  and  kill  the  passover.” 

“And  ye  shall  take  a  bunch  of  hyssop,  and  dip  it  in  the 
blood  that  is  in  the  bason,  and  strike  the  lintel  and  the  two 
side-posts  with  the  blood  that  is  in  the  bason;  and  none  of 
you  shall  go  out  at  the  door  of  his  house  until  the  morning.” 
(Ex.  xii,  21,  22.) 

So  even  to  this  day  do  they  keep  this,  the  law  of  the  old 
covenant. 

“Behold,  the  days  come,  saith  the  Lord,  that  I  will  make 
a  new  covenant  with  the  house  of  Israel  and  with  the  house 
of  Judah:  not  according  to  the  covenant  that  I  made  with 
their  fathers  in  the  day  that  I  took  them  by  the  hand  to  bring 
them  out  of  the  land  of  Egypt.”  (Jer.  xxxi,  31,  32.) 

“And  as  they  were  eating,  Jesus  took  bread,  and  blessed 
it,  and  brake  it,  and  gave  it  to  the  disciples  and  said,  Take, 
eat;  this  is  my  body.” 

“And  he  took  the  cup  and  gave  thanks,  and  gave  it  to 
them,  saying,  Drink  ye  all  of  it;  For  this  is  my  blood  of  the 
new  testament,  which  is  shed  for  many  for  the  remission  of 
sins.”  (Matt,  xxvi,  26,  27,  28.) 

“Behold  the  Lamb  of  God,  which  taketh  away  the  sin 
of  the  world.”  (John  i,  29.) 

“Blessing,  and  honour,  and  glory,  and  power,  be  unto 
him  that  sitteth  upon  the  throne,  and  unto  the  Lamb  for  ever 
and  ever.”  (Rev.  v,  13.) 

After  reading  the  fifty-third  chapter  of  Isaiah,  I  turned 
my  face  northward  toward  Sebaste,  the  city  of  Samaria,  built 
upon  a  hill  like  most  of  the  fortresses  of  Samaria.  As  we  ap- 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


25 


proached  the  hill  upon  which  the  modern  town  of  Sebaste  is 
situated,  wide  and  fertile  valleys  stretched  out  in  every 
direction  before  us.  This  is  the  striking  feature  of  Samaria, 
its  openness. 

The  landscape  was  refreshing  after  the  desolate  hills  and 
dales  of  Judea. 

The  history  of  this  northern  part  of  Israel  is  extremely 
interesting,  although  it  can  hardly  be  looked  upon  as  the  Holy 
Land  in  the  same  sense  as  Judea  or  Galilee.  The  patriarchs 
came  here  first,  and  then  made  their  homes  in  Hebron;  the 
earliest  sanctuaries  of  Israel  were  here,  but  Jerusalem  be¬ 
came  the  centre  of  church  and  state.  At  first  the  prophets 
and  heroes  of  the  north  shone  resplendent,  but  those  of  Judah 
endured  and  the  kingship  remained  with  Judah. 

There  is  nothing  in  all  Samaria  that  appeals  to  the  pil¬ 
grim  of  to-day  like  the  place  where  Jesus  rested  as  he  went 
through  it,  and  he  passed  through  it  only  of  necessity.  (John 
iv,  4.) 

Omri  bought  the  hill  Samaria  of  Shemer  for  two  talents 
of  silver,  about  $3,285,  equal  to  ten  times  that  amount  to¬ 
day  in  purchasing  power. 

And  he  called  the  name  of  the  city  which  he  built  after 
the  name  of  Shemer,  the  owner  of  the  hill,  Shomeron,  which 
is  the  Hebrew  for  Samaria. 

The  first  capital  of  Israel  was  Tirzah,  a  little  to  the  north¬ 
east  of  Shechem.  Samaria  was  the  second  capital  and  the 
scene  of  many  events  under  the  kings.  It  was  captured  by 
the  Syrians,  also  by  the  Assyrians,  and  rebuilt  by  Herod  the 
Great,  who  named  the  city  Sebaste  (Augusta)  in  honor  of 


26 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


Augustus.  The  only  remains  which  pertain  to  his  time  are 
a  row  of  columns  which  probably  stood  near  the  temple, 
erected  in  honor  of  the  Emperor. 

According  to  tradition,  John  the  Baptist  was  beheaded 
here,  but  Josephus  says  that  this  occurred  at  Machaerus 
(Mukaur),  a  fortified  town  east  of  the  Dead  Sea,  where  the 
unhappy  survivors  of  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  fled  for 
refuge. 

North  of  Sebaste  the  valleys  widen  and  finally  become 
great  plains  such  as  Megiddo  (Esdraelon)  and  Jezreel,  which 
extend  from  the  sea  on  the  west  to  the  Jordan.  This  is  the 
reason  why  few  invaders  were  successfully  resisted. 

The  most  interesting  effect  of  this  openness  of  Samaria 
is  the  use  of  the  chariot,  as  related  in  the  Old  Testament. 
Ahab  rode  in  his  chariot  from  Carmel  to  Jezreel  (I  Kings 
xvii,  44) ;  his  chariot  was  his  funeral  car  from  Ramoth-Gilead 
to  Samaria  (I  Kings  xxii,  29).  Jehu  rode  in  a  chariot  to  Jez¬ 
reel,  and  the  watchman  said  to  Joram,  “The  driving  is  like 
the  driving  of  J ehu,  the  son  of  Nimshi ;  for  he  driveth  furiously  ” 
(II  Kings  ix,  16);  Jehu  pursued  Ahaziah,  the  son  of  Ahab, 
and  after  Ahaziah’s  death,  his  servants  carried  his  body  in  a 
chariot  to  Jerusalem  (II  Kings  ix,  27,  28);  Jehu  rode  from 
Jezreel  to  Samaria  (Sebaste)  and  took  up  Jehonadab  into  his 
chariot  and  boastfully  said,  “Come  with  me  and  see  my 
zeal  for  the  Lord”;  and  then  Naaman  made  the  long  drive 
from  Damascus  to  the  house  of  Elisha  in  Samaria,  and  then 
rode  all  the  way  back  again  (II  Kings  v) ;  the  King  of  Syria 
sent  a  great  host  with  horses  and  chariots  to  surround  Dothan 
in  order  to  capture  Elisha.  (II  Kings  vi,  13  ff.) 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


27 

If  one  reads  these  accounts  carefully,  the  cause  of  the  fall 
and  destruction  of  open  Samaria  can  readily  be  discerned. 

About  two  hours  north  of  Sebaste  we  passed  the  site  of 
Dothan  where  Joseph’s  brethren  conspired  against  him  to 
slay  him  (Gen.  xxxvii,  15),  and  we  camped  near  the  town 
of  Jenin  (Engannin),  situated  on  the  edge  of  the  plain  of 
Jezreel,  the  Greek  name  of  which  is  Esdraelon,  while  in 
the  Old  Testament  it  is  Megiddo.  This  plain  was  the 
battle-field  of  the  great  empires  of  the  world  at  one  time 
or  another,  but  always  the  prey  and  pasture  of  the  wild 
bands  of  Arabs  who  came  every  spring  as  regularly  as  the 
seasons,  and  a  few  years  ago  the  peasants  got  rid  of  these 
Arab  marauders,  only  to  be  bought  up  by  rich  Greeks  from 
Beyrout. 

Thus  we  see  the  “  mutability,  the  irrevocable  lot,  of  man 
and  all  his  works.”  (Irving.) 

As  we  entered  the  plain  of  Jezreel  we  met  a  caravan  laden 
with  goods  from  the  Far  East.  This  made  us  realize  that  we 
were  approaching  the  place  where  the  great  highways  con¬ 
necting  the  east  and  the  west,  the  south  and  the  north 
crossed  each  other. 

Upon  the  highest  point  of  the  plain  stands  the  miserable 
village  of  Zerin,  the  ancient  Jezreel,  a  town  of  Issachar,  the 
son  of  Jacob  and  Leah.  When  Jacob  called  his  sons  together 
to  tell  them  what  was  to  befall  them,  he  said  of  this  one: 
“Issachar  is  a  strong  ass  couching  down  between  two  bur¬ 
dens:  and  he  saw  that  rest  was  good,  and  the  land  that  it 
was  pleasant;  and  bowed  his  shoulder  to  bear,  and  became  a 
servant  unto  tribute.”  (Gen.  xlix,  14,  15.) 


28 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


This  is  one  of  the  many  passages  in  the  Bible  so  hard  to 
understand  because  we  have  not  the  customs  nor  the  environ¬ 
ment  necessary  to  understand  fully  the  figurative  language 
used  in  the  East  even  to  this  day.  It  means  that  this  plain 
is  stretched  out  between  the  hills  just  as  an  ass  stretches  him¬ 
self  out  whenever  he  gets  the  opportunity  to  take  a  rest;  and, 
moreover,  it  is  very  fertile  and  therefore  pleasant  to  one  ac¬ 
customed  to  the  stony  hills  or  sheepfolds;  but  it  must  be  paid 
for  by  hard  work  and  by  paying  tribute  as  a  vassal.  That 
has  been  the  history  of  this  plain. 

Jezreel  was  the  home  of  the  infamous  Jezebel,  from  whom 
Elijah  fled  in  terror. 

The  other  references  given  in  connection  with  the  chariots 
will  quite  suffice  the  reader. 

Near  Jezreel  we  saw  some  Arabs  ploughing  the  rich  soil 
with  ploughs  made  after  the  ancient  pattern,  simply  the 
curved  stump  of  a  small  tree  shod  with  a  point  of  iron. 
Behind  the  plough  walks  the  ploughman,  carrying  in  one 
hand  a  long  stick  with  a  sharp  point  for  the  purpose  of 
pricking  the  oxen  to  make  them  work,  just  as  we  use  a  whip 
upon  a  lazy  animal  to-day.  It  would  certainly  be  hard  for 
them  to  “kick  against  the  pricks.”  This  is  used  figuratively 
in  Acts  ix,  5;  v,  39,  and  vii,  51. 

The  plain  of  Jezreel  descends  gradually  to  the  Jordan 
where  there  are  several  fords,  one  of  which  Naaman  must 
have  used  when  he  came  from  Damascus  to  seek  the  prophet 
Elisha  in  the  hope  of  being  cured  of  his  leprosy.  Perhaps  the 
very  one  used  as  an  illustration  is  where  he  washed  in  the 
Jordan  seven  times  and  was  healed. 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


29 


Toward  the  east  the  plain  gradually  rises  until  it  culmi¬ 
nates  in  the  lofty  ridge  of  Mount  Carmel  close  by  the  sea.  In 
the  north  rises  Mount  Tabor  like  a  great  round  dome.  These 
two  mountains  are  frequently  used  in  the  Scriptures  as  sym¬ 
bols  of  strength  or  certainty.  From  the  earliest  times  Mount 
Carmel  was  used  as  a  sanctuary;  there  was  an  altar  to  Baal, 
and  likewise  one  to  Jehovah,  which  was  broken  down.  The 
contest  which  took  place  here  between  the  prophets  of  Baal 
and  the  prophet  of  the  Lord  is  recorded  in  the  most  dramatic 
manner  in  I  Kings  xviii. 

North  of  the  great  plain  lies  the  province  of  Galilee  about 
which  hover  so  many  holy  memories. 

As  we  approached  Nazareth  we  crossed  the  great  caravan 
route  from  Egypt  to  Damascus  and  found  ourselves  at  the 
very  cross-roads  of  this  part  of  the  world.  Nazareth  is  situ¬ 
ated  in  a  kind  of  basin  surrounded  on  the  north  by  hills.  From 
the  town  itself  there  is  no  view  at  all,  but  from  the  tops  of  the 
hills  the  views  in  every  direction  are  wonderful.  To  the  south 
Esdraelon  lies  before  you  so  rich  in  important  events,  and  then 
Mount  Carmel  and  the  place  of  Elisha’s  sacrifice;  to  the  east 
the  valley  of  the  Jordan  and  the  range  of  Gilead;  to  the 
west  the  Great  Sea  with  the  ships  of  Tarshish;  to  the  north 
a  landscape  of  hills  and  dales  more  fertile  and  better  watered 
than  any  other  section  of  Palestine;  to  this  add  the  great 
routes  which  pass  through  or  near  by  Nazareth  and  you  will 
no  longer  wonder  why  the  boy  Jesus  was  brought  up  here. 
The  view  from  the  hills  is  like  a  map  of  Old  Testament  his¬ 
tory,  while  over  these  roads  passed  all  the  nations  of  the  earth, 
bringing  news  and  gossip  from  everywhere  just  as  to-day. 


30 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


So  Nazareth  was  not  an  obscure,  secluded  village;  it  was  the 
very  opposite,  and  he  grew  up  under  these  conditions,  “in 
all  points  tempted  like  as  we  are,  yet  without  sin.”  I  am  con¬ 
vinced  that  he  was  in  this  land  but  not  of  it. 

In  the  town  there  is  but  one  spring  or  fountain,  as  it  is 
called  in  that  land,  where  I  have  no  doubt  Mary  the  mother 
of  Jesus  used  to  go  to  draw  water  just  as  the  women  of  Naz¬ 
areth  do  to  this  day.  The  natives  call  it  the  Well  of  Mary. 
The  tiled  roofs  of  the  modern  town  show  the  Frankish  or 
European  invasion  of  Nazareth. 

The  first  town  we  saw  after  leaving  Nazareth  was  Cana  of 
Galilee,  where  the  first  miracle  that  is  recorded  was  performed, 
the  changing  of  the  water  into  wine  at  a  wedding  feast. 

After  a  pleasant  ride  over  a  road  that  wound  its  way 
around  and  over  many  hills,  we  came  to  the  “high  mountain” 
named  the  Mount  of  the  Beatitudes,  where  probably  the 
Sermon  on  the  Mount  was  preached  to  the  multitude.  Stand¬ 
ing  on  this  mount,  my  voice  was  easily  heard  by  my  friends 
scattered  about  the  fields  below.  While  the  acoustics  of  this 
place  would  permit  many  to  hear  his  wonderful  sermon,  only 
those  heard  who  had  ears  to  hear. 

To  the  east,  far  below  this  mount,  lay  the  glittering  blue' 
Lake  of  Galilee  in  the  deep  valley  of  the  Jordan,  at  this  point 
six  hundred  and  eighty  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sea.  As  I 
rode  over  the  same  road  that  Christ  used  so  long  ago,  it  seemed 
to  me  that  again  was  I  in  a  holy  place,  for  nearly  all  of  the 
ministry  of  Christ  was  accomplished  in  this  vicinity. 

The  contrasts  presented  by  the  situation  of  the  Lake  of 
Galilee  and  its  surroundings  are  startling.  Here  in  this  deep 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


3i 


valley  or  trench  lies  the  lake  of  clear  fresh  water,  full  of  fish, 
the  color  of  the  water  a  sparkling  blue,  the  surface  of  which  is 
often  broken  into  little  ripples  by  the  cool  breezes  from  the 
snow-capped  Lebanon  and  Hermon,  and  sometimes  lashed 
into  furious  waves  by  the  sudden  gusts  of  wind  that  swoop 
down  upon  the  lake  from  the  sterile  volcanic  heights  which 
almost  encompass  the  whole  shore. 

How  different  it  must  have  been  when  Christ  went  about 
these  shores  and  hills  doing  good.  Then  the  hills  were  covered 
with  trees  and  the  shores  were  lined  with  villages  and  large, 
busy  towns,  for  people  were  attracted  to  this  beautiful  lake 
from  every  land  and  nation. 

Trees  and  plants  of  the  temperate  and  the  tropical  zones 
could  here  grow  in  close  proximity  because  of  the  steep  slope 
of  the  hills  which  fall  from  an  altitude  of  four  thousand  feet 
above  the  sea  to  six  hundred  and  eighty  feet  below  at  the 
shores  of  the  Lake  of  Galilee. 

Josephus,  who  described  this  province  which  he  governed 
only  a  few  years  after  the  time  of  Christ,  writes:  “The  plain 
of  Gennesaret  had  soil  so  fruitful  that  all  sorts  of  trees  would 
grow  upon  it,  for  the  temper  of  the  air  is  so  well  blended  that 
it  suits  those  many  sorts,  especially  walnuts  which  require  the 
colder  air  (relatively  to  the  rest),  and  flourish  there  in  great 
plenty.  There  are  palm  trees  also  which  grow  best  in  hot  air; 
fig  trees  also,  and  olives  grow  near  them,  which  require  an  air 
more  temperate.” 

The  few  little  gardens  I  saw  in  my  wanderings  around  the 
lake  gave  proof  of  this  luxuriance  which  is  accentuated  by 
wealth  of  wild  flowers  everywhere,  except  in  the  vicinity  of 


32 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


the  hot  springs  near  the  town  of  Tiberias.  This  town,  built 
on  the  site  of  an  ancient  city  by  Herod  and  named  after  the 
Roman  Emperor,  is  the  only  one  remaining  of  the  many  cities 
of  other  days.  It  is  of  little  interest  to  the  Christian  and  was 
detested  by  the  Jew,  because  they  considered  the  place  defiled. 
Perhaps  it  is  for  this  reason,  and  because  it  was  new,  that  it 
is  not  mentioned  in  the  ministry  of  Christ.  At  all  events,  this 
section  of  the  shore  of  the  lake  is  unhealthy  and  not  as  pleas¬ 
ant  as  the  parts  farther  north. 

The  hot  springs  or  baths  of  Tiberias  lie  close  to  the  shore 
about  a  mile  below  Tiberias.  In  spite  of  the  changes  every¬ 
where  which  have  obliterated  names  and  sites,  these  springs 
have  preserved  their  reputation  and  name.  Joshua  called 
them  Hammath  and  to-day  the  natives  speak  of  them  as 
Hammam  Tabariyeh,  and,  as  of  old,  many  are  brought  here 
to  be  cured  of  their  ills.  The  springs  are  built  over  with  bath¬ 
houses  which  are  not  at  all  inviting  and  indescribably  dirty, 
like  most  of  the  native  structures  in  this  vicinity. 

One  day  I  chanced  to  see  four  fishing-boats  on  the  lake,  an 
unusual  sight  to-day,  and  I  thought  of  other  days  when  there 
must  have  been  many  who  made  fishing  their  business.  Near 
Capernaum  I  watched  the  fishermen  casting  their  nets  and 
I  drew  near  in  time  to  see  them  haul  the  net,  but  that  time 
"they  caught  nothing/’  How  close  that  brought  me  to  the 
time  when  Jesus  stood  on  that  shore  and  said,  "Children,  have 
ye  any  meat?  They  answered  him,  No.  And  he  said  unto 
them,  Cast  the  net  on  the  right  side  of  the  ship,  and  ye  shall 
find.  They  cast  therefore,  and  now  they  were  not  able  to 
draw  it  for  the  multitude  of  fishes.”  (John  xxi.) 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


33 


The  exact  site  of  Capernaum  is  still  in  dispute,  so  we  can¬ 
not  say  just  where  the  home  of  Christ  was,  but  it  was  some¬ 
where  in  this  immediate  vicinity  where  I  stood  and  watched 
the  fishermen. 

How  singular  it  was  that  Christ  sought  for  his  dis¬ 
ciples  among  the  free  hardy  fishermen,  independent,  yet  not 
wealthy,  simple  and  receptive.  And  Jesus  said  unto  them, 
“Come  ye  after  me,  and  I  will  make  you  to  become  fishers 
of  men.” 

We  entered  a  boat  and  sailed  to  the  place  where  the  Jor¬ 
dan  flows  into  the  Sea  of  Galilee.  Beyond  the  eastern  bank  of 
the  river  lay  a  plain  covered  with  grass  and  low  bushes.  This 
probably  is  where  Christ  fed  the  multitude  with  the  loaves 
and  fishes. 

Bethsaida  probably  stood  just  a  short  distance  up  the  river, 
but  there  is  not  a  vestige  of  it  left  now.  And  so  it  is  with  Cho- 
razin  and  Capernaum,  a  complete  fulfilment  of  the  upbraiding 
of  “the  cities  wherein  most  of  his  mighty  works  were  done, 
because  they  repented  not.”  (Matt,  xi,  20-24.) 

“And  thou  Capernaum,  which  art  exalted  unto  heaven, 
shalt  be  brought  down  to  hell:  for  if  the  mighty  works,  which 
have  been  done  in  thee,  had  been  done  in  Sodom,  it  would 
have  remained  until  this  day.” 

Our  little  company  were  loath  to  turn  from  these  places 
of  sacred  memory  to  continue  the  journey  along  the  route 
to  Damascus. 

The  valley  of  the  upper  Jordan  offers  little  of  interest  in 
the  way  of  towns  or  life,  and  yet  there  I  saw  the  “still  waters” 
and  “green  pastures.”  The  children  of  the  East  come  up 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


34 

here  with  their  cattle  and  their  tents  in  search  of  pasture  just 
as  they  have  done  since  the  time  or  before  the  time  of  Moses. 
Their  black  tents  made  of  camebs  hair  by  the  women  are 
so  constructed  that  they  may  be  quickly  set  up  and  as  speedily 
struck,  as  it  were  in  a  moment.  How  great  must  have  been 
the  terror  of  Ben-hadad,  King  of  Syria,  and  his  hosts  when 
“they  arose  and  fled  in  the  twilight,  and  left  their  tents  and 
their  horses,  and  their  asses,  even  the  camp  as  it  was,  and  fled 
for  their  life.”  (II  Kings  vii,  7.) 

These  nomads  are  troublesome  people  to  deal  with,  for 
they  have  inherited  the  tendency  to  relieve  passers-by  of  their 
worldly  goods  and  possessions.  It  is  therefore  well  to  travel 
with  a  party  and  not  alone. 

After  paying  tribute  to  the  sheik,  according  to  ancient 
custom,  we  continued  up  by  the  waters  of  Merom  with  the 
great  Mount  Hermon  in  the  background  dominating  the 
marshy  valley  of  the  Jordan,  now  only  seven  feet  below  sea- 
level.  There  were  many  little  brooks  flowing  down  from  the 
spurs  of  Lebanon,  which  still  was  hidden  from  us.  It  was  in¬ 
teresting  to  watch  the  goatherds  and  the  shepherds  lead  their 
flocks  down  to  the  still  v/aters,  and  they  separated  the  sheep 
from  the  goats. 

Above  the  waters  of  Merom  the  valley  suddenly  narrows 
and  the  Jordan  flows  for  some  distance  through  a  wild,  rocky 
ravine  which  is  spanned  by  a  dilapidated  stone  bridge  built 
by  the  Romans.  As  far  as  the  eye  could  see,  the  river  banks 
were  resplendent  with  oleanders  in  full  bloom. 

After  crossing  the  bridge  we  began  the  ascent  of  the  foot¬ 
hills  of  Mount  Hermon.  We  passed  a  magnificent  oak  tree 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


35 


under  which  were  several  tombs.  The  oak  tree  is  frequently 
mentioned  in  the  Scriptures;  Deborah  was  buried  under  an 
oak;  Joshua  set  up  a  great  stone  under  an  oak;  Jacob  hid 
all  the  strange  gods  and  the  ear-rings  under  an  oak;  Absa¬ 
lom’s  hair  caught  hold  of  the  oak;  it  seemed  to  be  regarded 
with  great  reverence  in  the  olden  days  by  every  one,  even  as 
by  the  Muslims  to-day. 

After  a  steady  ascent  for  more  than  an  hour  we  arrived 
at  Tell-el-kadi,  one  of  the  supposed  sites  of  Laish,  which  the 
Danites  took  for  their  city. 

About  an  hour  farther  on  is  Banias  which  I  think  is  more 
likely  to  be  the  site  of  ancient  Dan,  for  Banias  seems  to  be 
the  key  to  this  whole  district.  Trees  and  undergrowth  were 
most  luxuriant  and  hid  from  view  the  gushing,  headlong  stream 
which  we  soon  crossed  by  means  of  an  old  Roman  bridge.  A 
few  steps  beyond  the  bridge  a  great  cliff  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet  high  suddenly  confronts  you.  In  the  cliff  is  a  great  cavern 
from  which  the  Jordan  issues,  full  born,  with  the  sound  of 
joyous,  bubbling  water.  The  mouth  of  the  cavern  is  now  al¬ 
most  concealed  by  masses  of  broken  rocks  that  have  broken 
away  from  the  cliff  for  many  centuries. 

No  one  takes  care  of  this  wonderful  spot  now,  but  the  many 
niches  cut  deep  into  the  walls  of  the  cliff  indicate  that  this  was 
a  sanctuary  in  by-gone  days,  where  man  fell  on  his  face  and 
worshipped  his  God.  It  might  have  been  Baal  or  Pan,  the 
gods  of  the  Greeks  or  of  the  Romans,  of  the  Syrians  and  of 
the  Assyrians;  no  matter  by  what  name,  the  individual  here 
gave  thanks  for  the  blessed  gift  of  pure  water,  clear  as  crystal. 
Here,  from  the  very  foundations  of  snowy  Mount  Hermon, 


36  A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 

springs  forth  that  river,  the  like  of  which  there  is  not  another 
on  this  earth. 

In  its  geographical  aspect  the  Jordan  is  most  remarkable, 
for  it  rises  at  an  altitude  of  over  one  thousand  one  hundred 
and  fifty  feet,  flows  through  an  extraordinary  trench  or  valley 
most  of  the  way  below  sea-level  until  it  empties  into  the  Dead 
Sea  one  thousand  three  hundred  feet  below  the  level  of  the 
ocean. 

In  its  religious  aspect  it  stands  alone,  for  it  is  the  symbol 
of  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  life,  baptism,  and  the  end¬ 
ing,  the  waters  of  death,  which  separate  him  from  the  promised 
land.  Although  the  river  is  referred  to  directly  only  a  few 
times  in  the  Bible,  the  svmbolical  references  are  almost  with¬ 
out  number. 

This  visit  to  the  source  of  the  Jordan  was  a  revelation  to 
me,  for  here,  surrounded  by  the  images  of  various  gods,  stood 
Jesus  Christ  himself  and  his  disciples  (for  they  had  sought 
refuge  from  the  hostility  of  the  Jews  in  this  place  Banias,  which 
was  Caesarea  Philippi),  and  he  asked  his  disciples,  saying, 
“Whom  do  men  say  that  I  the  son  of  man  am?  And  they  said, 
Some  say  that  thou  art  John  the  Baptist:  some’,  Elias;  and 
others,  Jeremias,  or  one  of  the  prophets.  He  saith  unto  them, 
But  whom  say  ye  that  I  am?  And  Simon  Peter  answered  and 
said,  Thou  art  the  Christ,  the  son  of  the  living  God.”  (Matt, 
xvi,  13,  16.) 

Is  it  not  wonderful  that  this  declaration  should  have  been 
made  in  the  presence,  as  it  were,  of  the  gods  of  other  religions? 
And  especially  near  that  temple  where  the  Emperor  Augustus 
was  worshipped  as  God? 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


37 


It  was  here  that  he  resolved  to  return  to  Jerusalem  “and 
suffer  many  things/’  so  “He  steadfastly  set  his  face  to  go  to 
Jerusalem.” 

As  I  stood  here  at  the  source  of  the  Jordan  looking  at  this 
pure  stream  welling  forth  to  bless  the  earth,  and  remembered 
that  on  this  very  spot  was  made  the  first  confession  of  man 
that  Christ  was  the  Son  of  God,  one  verse  of  Revelation  came 
to  me  and  has  lived  with  me,  “And  he  shewed  me  a  pure 
river  of  water  of  life,  clear  as  crystal,  proceeding  out  of  the 
throne  of  God  and  of  the  lamb.” 

In  all  probability  Christ  never  went  farther  north  than 
Banias  or  Caesarea  Philippi.  Although  Damascus  is  not  in 
the  Holy  Land,  it  is  so  closely  connected  with  its  history  that 
even  if  Paul  had  not  gone  there  and  boldly  preached  Christ 
after  his  conversion  it  is  worth  the  time  and  trouble,  being 
only  sixteen  hours  from  Banias. 

(Since  the  completion  of  the  railways,  Damascus  is  easily 
reached  either  from  Haifa  or  Beyrout.) 

As  I  journeyed  over  the  ancient  road,  I  read  the  account 
of  Paul’s  journey  to  Damascus.  (Acts  ix.)  How  vivid  it 
all  was  as  I  entered  the  city  and  walked  through  the  street 
that  is  called  straight  and  then  saw  the  Christian  section, 
which  has  never  recovered  from  the  terrible  devastation  to 
which  it  was  subjected  in  i860,  when  more  than  six  thou¬ 
sand  Christians  were  massacred! 

After  visiting  the  most  attractive  bazaars,  the  finest  in 
the  Far  East,  I  passed  through  an  old-fashioned  gate  and 
walked  along  the  road  outside  the  walls  of  the  city  and  was 
shown  the  window  through  which  Paul  was  let  down  by 


38 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


the  wall  in  a  basket.  Now  as  this  wall  was  built  by  the 
Turks  centuries  after  Paul  visited  Damascus,  this  could  not 
possibly  be  the  window. 

This  is  one  of  the  many  instances  where  this,  that,  or  the 
other  place  is  pointed  out  by  the  various  churches  in  the  Holy 
Land  as  the  true  site  without  a  scintilla  of  proof  and  often 
in  direct  contradiction  of  well-known  historical  facts.  I  men¬ 
tion  this  as  a  warning  to  any  intending  to  visit  Palestine. 

“And  the  king  said  unto  him,  How  many  times  shall  I 
adjure  thee  that  thou  tell  me  nothing  but  that  which  is  true 
in  the  name  of  the  Lord?”  (I  Kings -xxii,  16.) 

Damascus  has  always  been  regarded  as  an  earthly  paradise 
by  the  Arabs  who  describe  paradise  as  being  a  garden  full  of 
fruit  trees,  watered  by  a  stream  of  flowing  water,  yielding 
all  manner  of  delicious  fruits  ever  ripe  for  the  delectation  of 
the  faithful.  We,  who  are  blessed  with  green  hills  and  dales, 
with  gurgling  brooks  everywhere  so  numerous  that  their 
music  becomes  common  and  is  hardly  noticed,  cannot  appre¬ 
ciate  the  emotions  of  those  who  live  in,  and  wander  over, 
the  hot  sands  of  the  desert  when  they  suddenly  come  upon 
Damascus  with  its  gardens  and  orchards  watered  by  the  rivers 
Barada  (Abana)  and  Nahr  el  Awaj  (Pharpar). 

From  the  top  of  a  house  I  looked  over  the  city,  with  its 
many  minarets,  and  the  river  Barada  toward  Mount  Hermon, 
and  could  distinctly  see  the  triple  peaks  covered  with  snow. 
Many  of  the  best  authorities  agree  that  the  transfiguration 
of  Christ  took  place  upon  this  “high  mountain  apart.” 

This  seems  very  probable  to  me,  for  Christ  stayed  several 
days  at  Banias,  that  place  of  refuge,  just  at  the  base  of  Mount 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


39 

Hermon,  and  the  ascent  of  the  mountain  is  not  difficult. 
(Compare  Matt,  xvii,  i;  Mark  ix,  2;  Luke  ix,  28.) 

From  the  top  of  the  mountain  one  can  see  nearly  all  of 
Syria.  The  haze  which  seems  to  be  ever  present  in  the  low 
valley  of  the  Jordan  prevents  a  distinct  view  farther  than  the 
Sea  or  Lake  of  Galilee.  Tabor  and  Carmel  were  hardly  dis¬ 
tinguishable.  The  mountains  of  Lebanon  seemed  to  stretch 
out  in  every  direction  like  the  roots  of  a  great  oak.  Hosea 
must  have  seen  this  view,  for  he  writes:  “I  will  be  as  the  dew 
unto  Israel:  he  shall  grow  as  the  lily,  and  cast  forth  his  roots 
as  Lebanon.”  (Hosea  xiv,  5.) 

It  is  on  account  of  these  mountains  that  Galilee  has  more 
dew  and  rain  than  Samaria  and  Judea. 

Having  seen  these  great  mountains  of  the  north,  I  re¬ 
turned  to  the  Mount  of  Olives  so  often  visited  by  Christ  and 
looked  once  more  toward  Jerusalem. 


JERUSALEM 


From  the  top  of  the  Mount  of  Olives  the  city  lies  before 
you  “budded  as  a  city  that  is  compact  together”  upon  an 
island  of  rocks  surrounded  by  deep  valleys,  except  on  the 
north.  The  temple  and  the  palaces  of  the  kings  have  disap¬ 
peared;  its  mighty  towers  have  been  laid  low;  there  is  noth¬ 
ing  left  to  indicate  the  former  greatness  of  Judah’s  capital 
except  her  situation. 

The  city  could  easily  be  attacked  and  taken,  but  it  could 
not  be  held  unless  all  the  neighboring  hills  had  been  captured 
beforehand;  therefore  I  think  that  is  what  the  psalmist  had 
in  mind  in  the  beginning  of  his  beautiful  song:  “I  will  lift 
mine  eyes  unto  the  hills,  from  whence  cometh  my  help.” 
(Psalm  cxxi.) 

Psalm  xlviii:  “  Great  is  the  Lord,  and  greatly  to  be  praised 
in  the  city  of  our  God,  in  the  mountain  of  his  holiness. 
Beautiful  for  situation,  the  joy  of  the  whole  earth,  is  Mount 
Zion,  on  the  sides  of  the  north,  the  city  of  the  great  king.” 

Truly  the  situation  of  Mount  Zion,  where  the  temple 
stood,  is  beautiful,  but  now  desolate.  The  sad  prediction  of 
Christ  is  fulfilled:  “O  Jerusalem,  Jerusalem,  which  killest 
the  prophets,  and  stonest  them  that  are  sent  unto  thee; 
how  often  would  I  have  gathered  thy  children  together,  as 
a  hen  doth  gather  her  brood  under  her  wings,  and  ye  would 
not!  Behold,  your  house  is  left  unto  you  desolate:  and  verily 
I  say  unto  you,  Ye  shall  not  see  me,  until  the  time  come  when 


40 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


4i 

ye  shall  say,  Blessed  is  he  that  cometh  in  the  name  of  the 
Lord.”  (Luke  xiii,  34,  35;  compare  Isa.  xxx,  15.) 

One  Friday  I  stood  in  the  wailing-place  of  the  Jews  and 
heard  their  sad  litany: 

“For  the  palace  that  lies  desolate:  We  sit  in  solitude  and 
mourn. 

For  the  walls  that  are  overthrown:  We  sit  in  solitude  and 
mourn. 

For  our  majesty  that  is  departed:  We  sit  in  solitude  and 
mourn. 

We  pray  thee,  have  mercy  on  Zion! — Gather  the  children  of 
Jerusalem.” 

Profoundly  moved,  I  turned  away,  filled  with  compassion 
and  wonder.  They  were  using  the  very  words  uttered  by 
Christ!  And  they  will  continue  doing  so  “until  the  time 
come.”  The  miracle  of  to-day !  The  Jew!  (Deut.  iv,  25-40.) 

How  do  those  who  decry  miracles  explain  the  Jew,  scat¬ 
tered  to  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth?  Dwelling  among 
all  peoples,  yet  distinct  and  separate. 

“Behold,  the  Lord’s  hand  is  not  shortened,  that  it  cannot 
save;  neither  is  his  ear  heavy,  that  it  cannot  hear:  But  your 
iniquities  have  separated  between  you  and  your  God,  and 
your  sins  have  hid  his  face  from  you,  that  he  will  not  hear.” 
(Isa.  lix,  1,  2.)  But  the  time  will  come  as  predicted,  for  “he 
will  not  always  chide:  neither  will  he  keep  his  anger  forever.” 
(Ps.  ciii) 

“I  will  rejoice  in  Jerusalem,  and  the  joy  of  my  people: 
and  the  voice  of  weeping  shall  be  no  more  heard  in  her,  nor 
the  voice  of  crying.”  (Isa.  lxv,  19.) 


42 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


The  great  wall  of  the  wailing-place,  against  which  the 
Jews  lean  in  their  sorrow,  is  exposed  for  a  distance  of  about 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  and  is  fifty-six  feet  high  above 
the  present  level  of  the  pavement.  Some  of  the  stones  are 
huge  and  show  the  eroding  effect  of  time. 

From  the  wailing-place  I  went  to  the  site  of  the  temple, 
near  the  place  where  David  built  an  altar  unto  the  Lord. 
This  large  quadrangular  place,  now  called  the  Haram  esh- 
Sherif,  is  paved  with  great  blocks  of  stone.  Scattered  over 
this  great  stone  platform  are  many  places  of  prayer  for  the 
faithful  Muslims,  for  they  are  now  in  possession  of  this,  one  of 
the  most  interesting  spots  in  the  world.  All  creeds  agree 
that  the  sanctuary  of  the  Lord  God  Almighty  stood  here 
until  thfe  fulfilment  of  the  prophecy  in  I  Kings  ix,  7. 

“Then  will  I  cut  off  Israel  out  of  the  land  which  I  have 
given  them;  and  this  house,  which  I  have  hallowed  for  my 
name,  will  I  cast  out  of  my  sight;  and  Israel  shall  be  a  proverb 
and  a  byword  among  all  people. ” 

“And  Jesus  said  unto  them,  See  ye  not  all  these  things? 
Verily  I  say  unto  you,  There  shall  not  be  left  here  one  stone 
upon  another,  that  shall  not  be  thrown  down.”  (Matt, 
xxiv,  2.) 

Near  the  centre  of  this  platform  is  a  Mohammedan 
mosque,  called  the  Mosque  of  Omar,  which  stands  directly 
over  the  dome  of  the  rock.  The  Mohammedans  will  not  al¬ 
low  excavations  or  investigations  to  be  made  here,  which  is 
a  great  pity,  for  I  believe  that  upon  this  sacred  rock  once 
stood  the  Ark  of  the  Covenant  and  that  the  great  altar  of 
sacrifice  was  here. 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


43 


According  to  Jewish  tradition,  Abraham  and  Melchize- 
dek  sacrificed  here;  Abraham  was  about  to  sacrifice  his  only 
son  Isaac  upon  this  place,  which  he  called  Jehovah-jireh, 
“the  Lord  will  provide”;  and  on  this  rock  was  written  the 
great  and  unspeakable  name  of  God,  which,  according  to 
tradition,  Jesus  succeeded  in  reading  and  so  was  able  to  work 
his  miracles.  These  are  a  few  of  the  traditions  which  have 
been  handed  down  from  generation  to  generation,  and  the 
Jews  of  to-day  cling  to  them  most  tenaciously. 

Solomon’s  temple  must  have  been  magnificent  according 
to  the  description  given  in  II  Chronicles;  the  second  temple, 
erected  after  the  return  from  exile,  was  inferior;  while  the 
third  temple,  which  Herod  built,  was  superior  to  that  of 
Solomon.  Many  have  endeavored  to  reconstruct  and  re¬ 
produce  the  temple  in  word  pictures  or  drawings  from  the 
very  unsatisfactory  description  given  by  Josephus. 

The  present  structure  is  a  fine  example  of  Arabian  archi¬ 
tecture  following  Byzantine  designs.  This  beautiful  building 
produced  such  an  impression  on  the  templars  in  the  Middle 
Ages  that  they  thought  it  was  the  temple  of  Solomon  and 
carried  the  design  back  to  Europe  with  them.  Young  Raphael 
saw  this  design  and  used  it  in  his  famous  painting  of  the 
Sposalizio,  the  nuptials  of  the  Virgin,  now  in  the  Brera  Gal¬ 
lery  at  Milan. 

I  believe,  however,  that  it  was  the  purpose  of  God  Al¬ 
mighty  to  destroy  the  temple  so  utterly  that  man  would  turn 
from  the  contemplation  of  sticks  and  stones  unto  him  who 
said,  “Destroy  this  temple,  and  in  three  days  I  will  raise  it 
up.”  (John  ii,  19.) 


44 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


St.  Stephen  said  just  before  he  was  stoned  to  death: 
“But  Solomon  built  him  an  house.  Howbeit  the  most 
High  dwelleth  not  in  temples  made  with  hands.”  (Acts 
vii,  47-) 

From  the  great  stone  square  where  once  stood  the  temple 
of  other  days,  I  walked  to  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre. 
The  present  building  was  erected  in  1810  over  the  remains 
of  several  other  buildings,  the  earliest  of  which  was  conse¬ 
crated  in  the  year  336  A.  D. 

The  traditions,  legends,  and  stories  which  have  been 
woven  about  this  shrine  would  fill  many  volumes,  and  the 
task  of  repeating  them  is  quite  beyond  the  scope  of  my  camera 
crusade.  The  photographic  plates  in  my  camera  refused  to 
record  the  impressions  of  the  dark,  gloomy  chapels  and  other 
things  in  the  various  parts  of  the  interior  of  the  building — 
would  that  I  could  say  that  of  my  heart  and  mind. 

The  Greek,  the  Latin,  the  Armenian,  and  the  Coptic 
churches,  each  own  portions  of  the  interior,  and,  sad  to  relate, 
a  guard  of  Mohammedan  soldiers  is  posted  there  to  keep 
order  among  the  Christians.  During  the  Easter  festivals — 
for  there  are  two,  one  the  Latin,  the  other  the  Greek — the 
Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  and  the  city  are  crowded 
with  pilgrims  of  every  nationality.  After  one  experience  in 
the  church  I  preferred  to  stay  outside. 

In  the  little  square  south  of  the  entrance  I  saw  the  Greek 
ceremony  of  the  washing  of  feet.  Every  nook  and  crevice 
about  the  square  was  occupied  by  spectators, 

One  day  as  I  was  walking  through  the  streets  I  saw  a 
house  with  a  “large  upper  room,”  and  it  made  me  think  of 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


45 


Christ’s  instructions  to  the  two  disciples,  “Go  ye  into  the 
city,  and  there  shall  meet  you  a  man  bearing  a  pitcher 
of  water:  follow  him,  .  .  .  and  he  will  show  you  a  large 
upper  room  furnished  and  prepared:  there  make  ready 
for  us.” 

I  went  up  into  the  room;  it  was  the  guest-chamber  of 
the  good  man  of  the  house,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  it  was 
much  like  the  one  in  which  Christ  and  his  disciples  kept  the 
Passover,  and  instituted  the  sacrament  of  the  holy  com¬ 
munion.  “This  do  in  remembrance  of  me.”  It  seemed  as 
though  I  was  to  have  two  things  to  remember,  for  under 
that  room  was  a  manger  just  like  the  one  where  Christ  our 
passover  was  born. 

Not  far  from  this  house  I  was  shown  a  pool  far  below  the 
present  level  of  the  street,  near  the  sheep  market.  It  is 
called  the  Pool  of  Bethesda.  It  appears  to  correspond  with 
the  description  given  in  John  v,  2,  but  there  is  nothing  to 
prove  that  this  is  the  pool  where  an  angel  went  down  at  a 
certain  season  and  troubled  the  water.  And  this  difficulty 
meets  one  everywhere  in  Jerusalem,  and  it  will  not  be  re¬ 
moved  until  the  whole  city  has  been  thoroughly  excavated, 
a  thing  that  is  utterly  impossible  under  the  present  govern¬ 
ment. 

I  made  very  few  photographs  within  the  city  walls,  and  I 
received  very  few  impressions  pleasant  to  remember  or  that 
were  edifying. 

One  night  as  I  sat  in  my  tent  on  the  Mount  of  Olives 
reading  descriptions  of  Jerusalem  in  the  Old  Testament,  I 
read  Psalms  xlviii,  12,  13,  14.  “Walk  about  Zion,  and  go 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


46 

round  about  her:  tell  the  towers  thereof.  Mark  ye  well  her 
bulwarks,  consider  her  palaces;  that  ye  may  tell  it  to  the 
generation  following.  For  this  God  is  our  God  for  ever  and 
ever:  he  will  be  our  guide  even  unto  death.” 

It  seemed  to  be  a  command.  Early  in  the  morning  I  en¬ 
tered  Jerusalem  for  the  last  time  by  the  gate  where  St.  Ste¬ 
phen  was  stoned  to  death,  walked  rapidly  through  the  quaint 
arched  streets  until  I  reached  the  Joppa  gate;  there  I  began 
my  walk  round  about  Jerusalem. 

“Tell  the  towers  thereof.”  Alas,  there  is  only  one  left, 
called  the  Tower  of  David.  It  stands  high  up  above  the  well- 
preserved  west  wall  of  the  city. 

David  said  “For  thou  hast  been  a  shelter  for  me,  and  a 
strong  tower  from  the  enemy.”  Just  below  David’s  tower 
is  the  Pool  of  Gihon,  built  by  Hezekiah  so  as  to  preserve  the 
water  of  the  brook  Gihon.  Jerusalem  is  really  destitute  of 
water  except  one  poor  little  spring.  The  inhabitants  depend 
upon  rain  water  caught  in  cisterns.  I  then  walked  south 
beyond  the  valley  of  Hinnom,  and  from  a  hill  looked  north¬ 
east  over  the  valley  toward  the  south-eastern  slope  of  Mount 
Zion,  the  Tyropoean  valley,  with  the  village  of  Siloam  on 
the  right  and  the  Mount  of  Olives  with  its  Russian  tower  in 
the  background. 

Then  I  walked  down  into  the  Valley  of  Hinnom,  which  was 
the  ancient  southern  border  of  the  city  of  David.  To  the  left 
of  this  valley  rises  the  Mount  of  Evil  Counsel,  where  the  last 
view  was  obtained.  It  is  so  named  because  Caiaphas  pos¬ 
sessed  a  country  house  here  in  which  he  consulted  with  the 
Jews  how  he  might  kill  Jesus. 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


47 


It  was  in  this  valley  that  children  were  at  one  time  sacri¬ 
ficed  to  Moloch;  therefore  the  place  was  called  Tophet,  the 
place  of  fire.  The  Jews  detested  the  place  and  called  it  Ge¬ 
henna.  To  the  left,  under  the  Mount  of  Evil  Counsel,  are 
many  tombs  cut  deep  into  the  rock. 

This  valley  runs  nearly  east  and  west.  Turning  to  the 
north,  the  valley  of  the  brook  Kidron  leads  by  the  village  of 
Siloam  to  the  Pool  of  Siloam.  I  was  a  church  organist  for 
many  years  and  often  played  that  hymn,  “By  Cool  Siloam’s 
Shady  Rill.”  I  will  never  play  that  again.  Whoever  wrote 
that  hymn  had  never  smelt  that  pool.  Perhaps  it  was  not 
so  bad  in  David’s  time. 

Just  above  this  is  the  Tyropoean  Valley,  now  filled  up  with 
rubbish.  This  valley  is  not  mentioned  in  the  Bible;  the 
name  is  Greek  and  means  the  valley  of  dung;  it  is  most 
appropriately  named.  In  David’s  time  this  valley  was  much 
deeper  than  it  is  now  and  was  probably  the  western  boundary 
of  the  city  of  David.  From  the  Pool  of  Siloam  the  view  south 
is  very  picturesque.  On  the  right  the  Valley  of  Hinnom  enters 
the  King’s  Dale  and  meets  the  valley  of  the  brook  Kidron. 
At  the  junction  of  these  two  valleys  is  a  well,  covered  with 
a  domed  structure,  which  the  Muslims  without  reason  call 
Job’s  Well.  I  am  convinced  that  this  is  the  well  by  En-rogel, 
where  Jonathan  and  Ahimaaz  went  down  into  a  well  and  a 
woman  covered  the  well’s  mouth  so  that  the  thing  was  not 
known.  (II  Sam.  xvii,  15-22.) 

From  the  well  which  I  prefer  to  call  En-rogel  the  view  up 
the  Kidron  Valley  is  striking.  On  the  right  is  the  village  of 
Siloah,  or  Siloam,  then  the  valley  of  the  brook  Kidron,  with 


48 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


the  comer  of  the  temple  wall  high  up  on  the  left.  It  was 
across  this  valley  that  David  and  all  his  followers  fled  from 
his  son  Absalom. 

A  little  farther  up  the  valley  is  the  only  spring  in  or  near 
Jerusalem;  it  is  called  the  Spring  of  Mary.  In  the  olden 
times  it  was  called  the  Spring  of  Gihon.  Here  I  saw  little 
girls  go  down  and  fill  water-bottles  made  of  the  whole  skin 
of  a  goat,  and  with  charming  grace  carry  their  heavy  bur¬ 
den  to  the  village  of  Siloam.  Let  me  here  warn  every  one  to 
be  careful  and  never  drink  any  water  in  Jerusalem  unless 
they  see  it  boiled. 

These  skin  bottles  are  used  all  over  the  land  just  as  they 
were  in  the  olden  time,  not  only  for  water,  but  for  wine 
also.  An  old  skin  would  not  stand  the  pressure  of  new  wine; 
hence  the  saying,  “  Neither  do  men  put  new  wine  into  old 
bottles.” 

Beyond  the  Spring  of  Mary,  the  Kidron  Valley  begins  to 
open.  High  above  on  the  left  is  the  corner  of  the  temple 
wall;  directly  in  front,  in  the  bottom  of  the  valley,  which  is 
sometimes  called  the  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat,  there  are  many 
tombs,  of  which  three  have  important  names  attached  to 
them:  the  tomb  of  Absalom,  of  Jehoshaphat,  and  of  Zacharias. 
I  simply  say  that  these  names  are  attached  to  them. 

Just  beyond  these  tombs  (and  it  may  be  well  to  call  atten¬ 
tion  to  the  fact  that  all  the  tombs  next  to  the  city  walls  on  the 
left  are  Mohammedan  tombs,  while  those  on  the  right  side 
of  the  valley  are  Jewish)  the  Golden  Gate  comes  into  view. 
“Then  he  brought  me  back  the  way  of  the  gate  of  the  outward 
sanctuary  which  looketh  toward  the  east;  and  it  was  shut. 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


49 


Then  said  the  Lord  unto  me:  This  gate  shall  be  shut,  it  shall 
not  be  opened,  and  no  man  shall  enter  in  by  it;  because  the 
Lord  the  God  of  Israel  hath  entered  in  by  it,  therefore  it 
shall  be  shut.  It  is  for  the  prince;  the  prince,  he  shall  sit  in 
it  to  eat  bread  before  the  Lord;  he  shall  enter  by  the  way 
of  the  porch  of  that  gate  and  shall  go  out  by  the  way  of  the 
same.”  (Ezek.  xliv,  1-3.) 

This  indicates  that  the  Golden  Gate  was  shut  up  at  a  very 
early  period.  During  the  time  of  the  Crusades  this  gate  was 
opened  on  Palm  Sunday,  and  the  great  procession  with  palm 
branches  entered  the  city  by  this  gate  from  the  Mount  of 
Olives. 

After  capturing  the  city,  the  Mohammedans  closed  the 
gate  again  and  it  has  not  been  opened  since.  They  have  a 
very  curious  tradition  that  they  will  hold  Jerusalem  until  a 
Christian  conqueror  opens  the  gate,  enters,  and  captures  the 
city.  They  also  say  that  the  columns  of  the  gate  were  pre¬ 
sented  to  Solomon  by  the  Queen  of  Sheba. 

The  reason  the  valley  below  the  gate  is  so  full  of  tombs 
and  graves  is  that  both  the  Jews  and  the  Mohammedans 
believe  that  the  resurrection  will  begin  here.  The  Moham¬ 
medans  have  a  remarkable  idea  of  the  last  day.  On  that  day 
a  hair  from  the  beard  of  the  prophet  will  be  stretched  from 
the  Golden  Gate  to  the  top  of  the  Mount  of  Olives.  Christ 
will  sit  at  one  end  and  Mohammed  at  the  other  as  judges. 
Those  who  succeed  in  crossing  on  that  slender  bridge  will  reach 
eternal  bliss,  whereas  those  who  have  no  faith  will  slip  and 
fall  down  to  perdition  in  the  valley  below,  which  will  open 
to  receive  them  into  the  bottomless  pit.  The  faithful,  how- 


So 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


ever,  will  have  no  difficulty,  for  they  will  be  sustained  by  the 
two  angels  appointed  by  Allah  to  guard  them. 

Almost  directly  across  the  valley  from  the  Golden  Gate 
is  the  Garden  of  Gethsemane,  a  quiet  place  with  aged  olive 
trees  now  surrounded  by  flower  beds  tenderly  cared  for  by 
Franciscan  monks.  It  is  situated  at  the  base  of  the  Mount  of 
Olives  and  is  about  a  Sabbath  day’s  journey  from  Jerusalem, 
so  it  was  far  enough  away  from  the  city  to  be  a  retreat  from 
the  crowds  and  excitement  during  the  feast  of  the  Passover. 

“And  when  Jesus  had  spoken  these  words,  he  went  forth 
with  his  disciples  over  the  brook  Cedron  (Kidron),  where 
was  a  garden,  into  which  he  entered,  and  his  disciples.”  (John 
xviii,  i.) 

Here  he  came,  despised  and  rejected  of  men,  a  man  of 
sorrows  and  acquainted  with  grief,  to  pray.  And  such  a 
prayer!  Think  of  the  agony  of  the  One  without  sin  taking 
upon  himself  the  sin  of  the  world! 

That  night,  in  that  garden,  he  was  betrayed. 

As  I  stood  in  that  garden  nearly  two  thousand  years  after 
that  awful  night  and  looked  upon  those  old  olive  trees  which 
may  have  witnessed  that  betrayal  of  the  Son  of  man,  I  won¬ 
dered,  ay!  I  wondered,  I  shall  always  wonder! 

From  the  Garden  of  Gethsemane  I  walked  around  the 
north-east  corner  of  the  wall  of  the  city  and  along  the  north 
wall  till  I  came  to  the  Damascus  Gate.  There,  seated  about 
the  gate,  were  all  kinds  of  men,  some  gossiping  or  arguing, 
others  trading  and  bargaining,  and  some  just  loafing. 

The  inevitable  beggar  was  also  there,  even  a  poor  leper. 
Through  the  gate  came  one  of  the  sons  of  Levi  dressed  in  the 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


5i 

raiment  peculiar  to  the  time  of  the  feast  of  the  Passover  and 
wearing  a  curious  fur  turban.  It  seemed  hardly  possible  that 
this  was  the  twentieth  century,  and  that  this  was  all  real  and 
not  a  dream  of  the  scenes  that  Solomon  and  his  people  were 
accustomed  to  see  “in  the  gates,”  to  which  he  alluded  when 
praising  the  virtuous  woman:  “Her  husband  is  known  in 
the  gates,  when  he  sitteth  among  the  elders  of  the  land.” 
(Prov.  xxxi,  23.) 

“They  hate  him  that  rebuketh  in  the  gate”;  “They 
afflict  the  just,  they  take  a  bribe,  and  they  turn  aside  the  poor 
in  the  gate  from  their  rights”;  “Hate  evil,  and  love  the  good, 
and  establish  judgment  in  the  gate.”  (Amos  v,  10,  12,  15.) 

“They  that  sit  in  the  gate  speak  against  me.”  (Ps. 
Ixix,  12.) 

Ever  since  Moses  stood  in  the  gate  of  the  camp  and  spoke 
to  his  erring  people,  the  gates  of  the  Far  East  have  always 
been  the  favorite  places  for  transacting  business  of  all  kinds 
and  most  frequented  by  the  idle  and  the  inquisitive.  This 
Damascus  Gate,  as  it  stands  to-day,  dates  back  only  to  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century;  an  older  structure  was 
rebuilt  by  Soliman.  Excavations  prove  that  this  gate  is 
built  on  the  foundations  of  an  ancient  one,  for  not  only  this 
but  also  a  fragment  of  a  wall  built  of  great  blocks  of  hewn 
stone  were  discovered  here. 

I  felt  that  this  was  the  very  place  where  that  gate  stood, 
through  which  he  was  “brought  as  a  lamb  to  the  slaughter” 
to  the  place  where  “Jesus  also,  that  he  might  sanctify  the 
people  with  his  own  blood,  suffered  without  the  gate.”  (Heb. 
xiii,  12.) 


52 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


Without  this  gate  there  is  a  green  hill  which  many  believe 
is  “Golgotha,  which  is,  being  interpreted,  The  place  of  a 
skull,”  “called  Calvary.” 

From  a  certain  stand-point  this  hill,  partly  cut  away  by 
a  quarry,  resembles  the  form  of  a  human  skull. 

Whether  this  or  another  place  is  the  true  spot  where  the 
Son  of  man  was  lifted  up,  as  Moses  lifted  up  the  serpent  in 
the  wilderness,  I  will  not  dispute  with  any  one;  I  will  simply 
say  that  as  I  contemplated  the  momentous  tragedy  which 
ended  when  he  said,  “It  is  finished,”  it  mattered  little  to  me 
whether  it  occurred  here  or  a  few  hundred  yards  away,  be¬ 
cause  the  transcendent  truth  entered  my  soul,  although  I 
could  not  understand  it:  “For  God  so  loved  the  world,  that 
he  gave  his  only  begotten  Son,  that  whosoever  believeth  in 
him  should  not  perish,  but  have  everlasting  life.”  (John 
iii,  16.) 

“Surely  he  hath  born  our  griefs,  and  carried  our  sorrows: 
yet  we  did  esteem  him  stricken,  smitten  of  God,  and  afflicted. 
But  he  was  wounded  for  our  transgressions,  he  was  bruised 
for  our  iniquities:  the  chastisement  of  our  peace  was  upon 
him:  and  with  his  stripes  we  are  healed.”  (Isa.  liii,  4,  5.) 

He  was  crucified  between  two  thieves  as  was  foretold, 
“And  he  was  numbered  with  the  transgressors;  and  he  bare 
the  sins  of  many,  and  made  intercession  for  the  transgressors.” 
(Isa.  liii,  12.) 

“Behold  the  Lamb  of  God  which  taketh  away  the  sin  of 
the  world.”  (John  i,  29.) 

“And  thou  shalt  call  his  name  Jesus:  for  he  shall  save 
his  people  from  their  sins.”  (Matt,  i,  21.) 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


53 


“And  Pilate  wrote  a  title  and  put  it  on  the  cross.  And 
the  writing  was,  Jesus  of  Nazareth  the  King  of  the  Jews.” 
(John  xix,  19.) 

“Neither  is  there  salvation  in  any  other:  for  there  is  none 
other  name  under  heaven  given  among  men,  whereby  we  must 
be  saved.”  (Acts  iv,  12.) 

“  For  even  Christ  our  passover  is  sacrificed  for  us.”  (I  Cor. 

v,  7-) 

“Let  us  draw  near  with  a  true  heart  in  full  assurance  of 
faith,  having  our  hearts  sprinkled  from  an  evil  conscience, 
and  our  bodies  washed  with  pure  water.”  (Heb.  x,  22.) 

Sacrifice  for  our  sin  we  cannot  offer,  for  He  hath  been 
sacrificed  once  for  all,  and  He  said,  “It  is  finished”;  but 
“a  broken  and  a  contrite  heart,  0  God,  thou  wilt  not 
despise.” 

“And  behold,  the  veil  of  the  temple  was  rent  in  twain 
from  the  top  to  the  bottom.”  Now,  through  Jesus  Christ, 
our  high-priest,  we  may  approach  the  mercy-seat,  for  “by 
his  own  blood  he  entered  in  once  into  the  holy  place,  having 
obtained  eternal  redemption  for  us.” 

“Jesus  saith  unto  him,  I  am  the  way,  the  truth,  and  the 
life:  no  man  cometh  unto  the  Father,  but  by  me.”  “And  I, 
if  I  be  lifted  up  from  the  earth,  will  draw  all  men  unto  me.” 

“Now  in  the  place  where  he  was  crucified  there  was  a  gar¬ 
den;  and  in  the  garden  a  new  sepulchre,  wherein  was  never 
man  yet  laid.  There  laid  they  Jesus  therefore  ...  for  the 
sepulchre  was  nigh  at  hand.”  (John  xix,  41,  42.) 

“And  he  made  his  grave  with  the  wicked,  and  with  the 
rich  in  his  death.”  (Isa.  liii,  9.) 


54 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


“When  the  even  was  come,  there  came  a  rich  man  of  Ari- 
mathaea,  named  Joseph,  who  also  himself  was  Jesus’  disciple: 
He  went  to  Pilate  and  begged  the  body  of  Jesus.  Then  Pilate 
commanded  the  body  to  be  delivered.  And  when  Joseph  had 
taken  the  body,  he  wrapped  it  in  a  clean  linen  cloth,  and  laid 
it  in  his  own  new  tomb,  which  he  had  hewn  out  in  the  rock: 
and  he  rolled  a  great  stone  to  the  door  of  the  sepulchre  and 
departed.”  (Matt,  xxvii,  57,  58,  59,  60.) 

Even  to  this  day  there  is  a  small  garden  in  one  side  of 
which  there  is  a  rocky  cliff,  in  which  there  is  an  unfinished 
tomb;  all  of  which  is  in  keeping  with  the  descriptions  in  the 
Bible.  This  tomb  is  called  Gordon’s  Tomb,  after  the  great 
English  general  who  thought  that  this  was  the  tomb  where 
they  laid  Him. 

As  I  have  remarked  before,  nothing  certain  can  be  known 
about  this  and  other  places  of  sacred  memory  in  Jerusalem 
until  excavations  can  be  made.  But  if  this  is  not  the  one,  it 
is  an  exact  type  of  the  stone  tombs  of  that  period.  The  chief 
priests  and  the  Pharisees  wishing  to  make  sure  that  Christ 
would  not  rise  again  on  the  third  day,  after  receiving  per¬ 
mission  from  Pilate,  went  and  made  the  sepulchre  sure  by 
sealing  the  stone  and  setting  a  watch. 

Often  have  I  read  the  different  accounts  of  this  stone  in 
front  of  a  tomb,  but  never  did  I  have  a  clear  idea  of  it  until 
I  came  to  the  end  of  my  camera  crusade,  when  I  found  a  tomb 
with  “the  stone  rolled  away.” 

“And  when  the  sabbath  was  past,  Mary  Magdalene,  and 
Mary  the  mother  of  James,  and  Salome  had  bought  sweet 
spices,  that  they  might  come  and  anoint  him.  And  very 


THROUGH  THE  HOLY  LAND 


55 


early  in  the  morning  the  first  day  of  the  week,  they  came  unto 
the  sepulchre  at  the  rising  of  the  sun,  And  they  said  among 
themselves,  Who  shall  roll  us  away  the  stone  from  the  door 
of  the  sepulchre?  And  when  they  looked,  they  saw  that  the 
stone  was  rolled  away:  for  it  was  very  great.”  (Mark  xvi.) 

And  when  the  women  were  afraid,  the  angel  of  the  Lord 
said,  “Fear  not  ye:  for  I  know  that  ye  seek  Jesus,  which  was 
crucified.  He  is  not  here:  for  he  is  risen.” 

“But  now  is  Christ  risen  from  the  dead  and  become  the 
first-fruits  of  them  that  slept.  For  since  by  man  came  death, 
by  man  came  also  the  resurrection  of  the  dead.  For  as  in 
Adam  all  die,  even  so  in  Christ  shall  all  be  made  alive.” 
(I  Cor.  xv.) 

“But  thanks  be  to  God,  which  giveth  us  the  victory 
through  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ.”  (I  Cor.  xv,  57.) 

After  showing  himself  to  the  women,  our  risen  Lord  went 
to  Galilee  as  he  had  promised  his  disciples.  There  he  met 
them,  but  they  knew  him  not.  “And  it  came  to  pass  as  he 
sat  at  meat  with  them,  he  took  bread,  and  blessed  it  and  brake, 
and  gave  to  them.”  “And  their  eyes  were  opened,  and  they 
knew  him.”  (Luke  xxiv,  30,  31.) 

May  you  ever  know  and  remember  him  in  the  breaking 
of  bread. 

“For  Jesus  said  unto  them,  I  am  the  bread  of  life:  he  that 
cometh  to  me  shall  never  hunger;  and  he  that  believeth  on 
me  shall  never  thirst.”  (John  vi,  35.) 

“Ho,  every  one  that  thirsteth,  come  ye  to  the  waters,  and 
he  that  hath  no  money,  come  ye,  buy,  and  eat;  yea,  come,  buy 
wine  and  milk  without  money  and  without  price.”  (Isa.  lv,  1.) 


56 


A  CAMERA  CRUSADE 


“Come  unto  me,  all  ye  that  labour  and  are  heavy  laden, 
and  I  will  give  you  rest.  Take  my  yoke  upon  you,  and  learn 
of  me;  for  I  am  meek  and  lowly  in  heart:  and  ye  shall  find 
rest  unto  your  souls.  For  my  yoke  is  easy,  and  my  burden 
is  light.”  (Matt,  xi,  28-30.) 

“For  the  Lamb  which  is  in  the  midst  of  the  throne  shall 
feed  them,  and  shall  lead  them  unto  living  fountains  of 
waters:  and  God  shall  wipe  away  all  tears  from  their  eyes.” 
(Rev.  vii,  17.) 

“Worthy  is  the  Lamb  that  was  slain  to  receive  power, 
and  riches,  and  wisdom,  and  strength,  and  honour,  and  glory, 
and  blessing.”  (Rev.  v,  12.) 

And  so  I  bear  testimony  to  the  things  I  found  in  the  Holy 
Land,  and  to  the  truths  I  found  in  his  Holy  word,  which  “is 
a  lamp  unto  my  feet  and  a  light  unto  my  path.” 

“I  will  fear  no  evil,”  “For  I  know  that  my  Redeemer 
liveth.” 

In  the  words  of  the  beloved  disciple  John,  I  may  humbly 
say: 

“And  he  said  unto  me,  Write:  for  these  words  are  true 
and  faithful.” 


PLATES  AND  TEXTS 


PLATE  li 


JOPPA  FROM  THE  SEA 

II  Chron.  ii,  And  we  will  cut  wood  out  of  Lebanon,  as  much 
as  thou  shalt  need;  and  we  will  bring  it  to  thee 
in  flotes  by  sea  to  Joppa;  and  thou  shalt  carry 
it  up  to  Jerusalem. 


Joshua  xix,  46. 

Ezra  iii,  7. 

Jonah  i,  3. 

Acts  ix,  36,  43;  xi,  5. 


w 


PLATE  III 


THE  SEA  FROM  THE  ROOF  OF  “ONE  SIMON 

A  TANNER” 

Acts  ix,  43.  And  it  came  to  pass,  that  he  tarried  many  days 
in  Joppa  with  one  Simon  a  tanner. 

Jonah  i,  3. 

Acts  x,  6. 


PLATE  IV 


A  BREAD  SELLER  AT  JOPPA 
Gen.  xviii,  5.  And  I  will  fetch  a  morsel  of  bread. 


Gen.  xiv,  18;  xxv,  34;  xli,  54,  55;  xliii,  25,  31,  32;  xlv,  23. 
Ex.  xvi,  4,  8,  12,  15,  32;  xxiii,  25. 

Lev.  xxvi,  26. 

Deut.  viii. 

Joshua  ix,  5. 

Judges  vii,  13. 

Ruth  i,  6. 

I  Sam.  ii,  36;  xxii,  13;  xxviii,  20,  22. 

II  Sam.  vi,  19. 

Prov.  xii,  9,  1 1 ;  xx,  13;  xxii,  9;  xxxi,  27. 

Eccl.  ix,  11. 

Isaiah  xxxiii,  16;  lv,  2. 

Matt,  iv,  3,  4;  vi,  11;  vii,  9;  xxvi,  26. 

Mark  viii,  14. 

Luke  iv,  4;  xxiv,  35. 

John  vi,  7- 32-35,  50,  51. 


PLATE  V 


PLAIN  OF  SHARON  FROM  THE  TOWER  OF  RAMLEH 

Isaiah  lxv,  And  Sharon  shall  be  a  fold  of  flocks,  and  the 
I0-  valley  of  Achor  a  place  for  herds  to  lie  down  in, 

for  my  people  that  have  sought  me. 


I  Chron.  v,  16;  xxvii,  29;  viii,  12. 
Song  Sol.  ii,  1. 

Isaiah  xxxiii,  9;  xxxv,  2. 


PLATE  VI 


THE  ROSES  OF  SHARON 

Song  Sol.  ii.  I  am  the  rose  of  Sharon  and  the  lily  of  the 
valley. 


Song  Sol.  vi,  3;  v,  13. 
Hosea  xiv,  5. 

Matt,  vi,  28,  29. 


PLATE  VII 


PLOUGHING 

Deut.  xxii,  Thou  shalt  not  plough  with  an  ox  and  an  ass 
I0-  together. 

I  Sam.  xni,  19;  xiv,  14. 

Job  iv,  8;  i,  14. 

Prov.  xx,  4. 

Isaiah  xxviii,  24. 

Acts  ix,  5. 

I  Cor.  ix,  10. 

II  Cor.  vi,  14,  15,  16. 


PLATE  VIII 


THE  VALLEY  OF  ESHCOL 

Num.  xxxii,  They  went  up  into  the  valley  of  Eshcol. 
9- 


Num.  xiii,  17,  23,  24. 


PLATE  IX 


ABRAHAM’S  OAK 

Gen.  xviii,  4.  And  rest  yourselves  under  the  oak. 


Gen.  xiii,  18;  xxiii,  17,  18. 


PLATE  X 


HEBRON— THE  POOL  AND  THE  MOSQUE 

Gen.xxiii,  2.  And  Sarah  died  in  Kirjath-arba;  the  same  is 
Hebron  in  the  land  of  Canaan. 

Gen.  xii,  18;  xxiii,  2,  9,  17,  20;  xxxv,  27. 

Num.  xiii,  22. 

Joshua  x,  36;  xiv,  13;  xxi,  13;  xv,  13. 

II  Sam.  ii,  1,  11,  27,  35;  iii,  2;  iv,  12;  v,  1;  xv,  10. 

I  Chron.  xi,  1-3;  xii,  38;  xxix,  27. 


PLATE  XI 


SOLOMON’S  POOL 


II  Kings  xviii,  17. 
Isaiah  vii,  3;  xxxvi,  2. 
Neh.  ii,  14. 


PLATE  XII 


THE  VILLAGE  OF  THE  SHEPHERDS 

Jer.  xxiii,  4. 

Isaiah  xl,  1 1 . 

Luke  ii,  8. 


PLATE  XIII 


SHEPHERDS  WATCHING  THEIR  FLOCKS 

Jer.  xxiii,  4.  And  I  will  set  up  shepherds  over  them  which 
shall  feed  them. 

Psalm  xxiii,  2. 

Jer.  xxxi,  28. 

Luke  ii,  8. 


PLATE  XIV 


THE  CITY  OF  DAVID  WHICH  IS  CALLED 

BETHLEHEM 

Luke  ii,  4.  And  Joseph  also  went  up  from  Galilee  out  of  the 
city  of  Nazareth  unto  Judaea;  into  the  city  of 
David  which  is  called  Bethlehem. 

Gen.  xlix,  10. 

Ex.  xiii,  2. 

Num.  xxiv,  1 7. 

Deut.  xviii,  16. 

II  Sam.  xxiii,  15. 

I  Chron.  xi,  17. 

Psalm  ii,  7;  cxviii,  22;  cxxxii,  11. 

Isaiah  vii,  14;  xi,  1;  lx,  1-3;  lxxii,  10-12. 

Micah  v,  2. 

Zech.  iii,  8;  vi,  12. 

Matt,  ii,  1-8;  viii,  29;  xiv,  33;  xxvi,  63;  xxvii,  43,  54. 

Luke  i,  35;  iv,  41;  xxii,  70. 

John  i,  14,  34;  iii,  16,  18;  vi,  69;  ix,  35-37;  xx>  31;  viis  42. 


PLATE  XV 


THE  MANGER  IN  THE  CHURCH  OF  THE  NATIVITY 

Matt,  ii,  9.  When  they  heard  the  king,  they  departed;  and, 
lo,  the  star  which  they  saw  in  the  east  went 
before  them  till  it  came  and  stood  where  the 
young  child  was. 

Luke  ii,  7,  12,  16. 


PLATE  XVI 


THE  FIELDS  OF  BOAZ 


Luke  Hi,  32. 
Ruth,  ii. 


RUTH  AND  BOAZ 


Lev.  xix,  9,  io;  xxiii, 
Deut.  xxiv,  19. 

Ruth  ii. 


22 


PLATE  XVI 1 1 


A  THRESHING  FLOOR 

Gen.  1,  io.  And  they  came  to  the  threshing  floor  of  Atad. 

Lev.  xxvi,  5;  xxv.  19. 

Num.  xv,  20. 

Deut.  xv,  14. 

Ruth  iii,  2. 

II  S  am.  xxiv,  18-22. 

I  Chron.  xxi,  21-26. 

II  Chron.  ni,  1. 

Isaiah  xxi,  10;  xxviii,  28. 

Joel  ii,  24. 

Micah  iv,  1 1— 1 3 . 

Matt,  iii,  12. 


^•-•g^.>-r^  •  -.  ,T|, *^L^> JUBIS*  w,  <»*$*,•  .k£  ,.  .  ■ 

^  *r  #■'' 

HftL  \  ':  ^  L*’ *  ;-f  'i.  ■ 

H  I  \ 

FLAT E  XiX 


SHEPHERDS  LEADING  THEIR  FLOCKS 

Jer.  xxiii,  4.  And  I  will  set  up  shepherds  over  them  which 
shall  feed  them. 

Psalm  xxiii,  I. 

Isaiah  xl,  1 1 . 

Ezek.  xxxiv,  6-23. 

John  x,  4,  5,  7-16. 

Heb.  xiii,  20. 

I  Peter  ii,  25;  v,  4. 

Rev.  vii,  17. 


PLATE  XX 


SHEPHERD’S  PIPES,  SLING,  AND  SCRIP 

I  Sam.  xvii,  40-54;  x,  5;  xxv,  29. 

I  Kings  i,  40. 

II  Kings  iv,  25. 

II  Chron.  xxvi,  14. 

Isaiah  v,  12;  xxx,  29. 

Jer.  xlviii,  36. 

Prov.  xxvi,  8. 

Matt,  xi,  17;  x,  10. 

Luke  ix,  3;  x,  4;  xxii,  35,  36. 

I  Cor.  xiv,  7. 

Rev.  xvni,  22. 


PLATE  XXI 


THE  BROOK  KIDRON  AT  MARSABA 

II  Sam.  xv,  23. 

John  xviii,  1. 


PLATE  XXII 


THE  WILDERNESS  OF  THE  SCAPEGOAT 

Lev.  xvi,  22.  And  the  goat  shall  bear  upon  him  all  their  in¬ 
iquities  into  a  land  not  inhabited:  and  he  shall 
let  go  the  goat  in  the  wilderness. 

Lev.  xvi,  20+ . 

I  Sam.  xxii,  i;  xxiii,  14. 

Psalms  lxiii  David’s  prayers  in  the  wilderness, 
and  clxii. 

Isaiah  xl,  3;  liii,  6. 

Matt,  iii,  1-3 ;  xi,  7, 

Mark  i,  3. 

Luke  iii,  4;  xv,  4. 

John  i,  23. 


PLATE  XXIII 


THE  SALT  OR  THE  DEAD  SEA 

Gen.  xiv,  3.  The  vale  of  Siddim  which  is  the  salt  sea. 

Gen.  xiv,  1-3;  xviii,  16;  xix,  28. 

Num.  xxxiv,  12. 

Deut.  iii,  17;  xxix,  23. 

Joshua  xii,  3;  xv,  2;  xviii,  19. 

Isaiah  i,  9;  iii,  9;  xiii,  19. 

Jer.  iv,  26,  27;  xxiii,  14;  I,  40. 

Lam.  iv,  6. 

Ezek.  xvi,  46-55. 

Amos  iv,  11. 

Zeph.  ii,  9. 

Matt,  x,  15;  xi,  24. 

Mark  vi,  11. 

Luke  x,  12;  xvii,  29. 

Rom.  ix,  29. 

II  Peter  ii,  6 
Jude,  7. 


PLATE  XXIV 

THE  SHORE  OF  THE  DEAD  SEA 

Jer.  1,  40.  As  God  overthrew  Sodom  and  Gomorrah  and 
the  neighbor  cities  thereof  saith  the  Lord;  so 
shall  no  man  abide  there,  neither  shall  any  son 
of  man  dwell  therein. 

Gen.  xiii,  10;  xviii,  20  +  xix,  24,  28. 

Deut.  xxxii,  32. 

Isaiah  i,  9. 

Jer.  xxiii,  14;  xlix,  18. 

Amos  iv,  11. 

Zeph.  ii,  9. 

II  Peter  ii,  6. 


PLATE  XXV 


THE  JORDAN  FORD 

Matt,  iii,  6.  And  were  baptized  of  him  in  Jordan,  confessing 
their  sins. 

Joshua  iii,  16. 

Matt,  iii,  13. 

Mark  i,  5-1 1. 

Luke  iii,  21-38. 


PLATE  XXVI 


LOOKING  UP  THE  JORDAN 

The  Lord  hath  made  Jordan  a  border  between 
us  and  you. 

Joshua  iii,  14-17. 

II  Sam  .  xvii,  22;  xix,  15. 

II  Kings  ii,  13 ;  v,  10. 

I  Chron.  xii,  15;  xix,  17. 

Isaiah  xlviii,  18. 

Ezek.  xlvii,  5-18. 


Joshua  xxii. 
25- 


PLATE  XXVII 


ELISHA’S  SPRING  NEAR  JERICHO 

II  Kings  ii,  19-22. 

Psalm  xlii,  1. 

Isaiah  xliv,  3;  xlvi,  4. 

John  vi,  35. 

Rev.  xxi,  6;  xxii,  1,  17. 


1 


PLATE  XXVII! 


THE  MOUNT  OF  TEMPTATION 

Matt,  iv,  8.  Again  the  devil  taketh  him  up  into  an  exceeding 
high  mountain. 


Luke  iv,  5. 
Mark  i,  13. 


PLATE  XXIX 


THE  JERICHO  ROAD  AND  THE  SAMARITAN  INN 

A  certain  Samaritan  went  to  him  and  bound  up 
his  wounds  .  .  .  and  brought  him  to  an  inn. 


Luke  x, 
30-37- 


PLATE  XXX. 


THE  BROOK  CHERITH 

I  Kings  Hide  thyself  by  the  brook  Cherith. 

xvii,  3. 


I  Kings  xviii. 


THE  APOSTLES’  SPRING  ON  THE  JERICHO  ROAD 


PLATE  XXXI! 


WILDERNESS  OF  JUDAEA  FROM  JERICHO  ROAD 

Jer.  xxxiii,  io,  12,  13. 

Matt,  xi,  7;  iii,  1. 

Luke  vii,  24;  ix,  51;  xv,  4. 

II  Cor.  xi,  26. 


PLATE  XXXI11 


THE  SHADOW  OF  A  GREAT  ROCK 

Isaiah  The  shadow  of  a  great  rock, 

xxxii,  2. 

Psalms  xci,  i ;  xvii,  8;  xxxvi,  7;  lvii,  1;  lxi,  2,  3,  4;  lxiii,  7;  xci,  4. 
Isaiah  iv,  6;  xxv,  4. 

Ruth  ii,  12. 


PLATE  XXXIV 


BETHANY 

Matt,  xxi,  He  left  them  and  went  out  of  the  city  into  Beth- 
l7 •  any  and  he  lodged  there. 


Matt,  xxvi,  6-13. 

Mark  xi,  12;  xiv,  3;  xvi,  19. 
Luke  xix,  29;  xxiv,  50,  51. 
John  xi,  1-46;  xii,  1— 1 5 . 


PLATE  XXXV 


RUIN  OF  THE  SUPPOSED  HOUSE  OF  MARY 

AND  MARTHA 


Luke  x,  38-42. 
John  xi,  1-46. 


PLATE  XXXVI 


TWO  WOMEN  GRINDING 

Matt,  xxiv,  Two  women  shall  be  grinding  at  the  mill. 

41. 


Matt,  xviii,  6. 

Mark  ix,  42. 

Luke  xvii,  2,  35. 

Ex.  xi,  5. 

Judges  ix,  53;  xvi,  21. 
Isaiah  xlvii,  2. 


■■ 


PLATE  XXXVII 

THE  MOUNT  OF  OLIVES 

Matt,  xxvi,  They  went  out  into  the  Mount  of  Olives. 
30. 


Matt,  xxi,  1;  xxiv,  3. 

Mark  xi,  1;  xiii,  3;  xiv,  26. 
Luke  xix,  37;  xxii,  39;  xxi,  37. 
Zech.  xiv,  4. 

Ezek.  xi,  23. 


PLATE  XXXVIII 


NORTH-EAST  CORNER  OF  JERUSALEM,  MIZPAH 
IN  THE  BACKGROUND 


I  Sam.  vii,  5-12. 

I  Kings  xv,  22. 

II  Kings  xxv,  22-26. 
Joshua  xviu,  26. 

Judges  x,  17;  xi,  11,  29. 
Gen.  xxxi,  49. 

Jer.  xl,  10;  xli,  3. 

Neh.  iii,  7. 

Hosea  v,  1. 


PLATE  XXXIX 


BETHEL 

Gen.  xxviii,  And  he  called  the  name  of  that  place  Bethel. 

19- 


Gen.  xxviii,  10-22;  xxxv,  I— 1 5 ;  xxxi,  13. 
Joshua  xviii,  13,  22. 

Judges  i,  22,  23,  26. 

I  Kings  xii,  29. 

II  Kings  x,  29. 

Jer.  vii,  1 1. 

Amos  iii,  14;  iv,  4;  v,  5,  6;  vii,  13. 


PLATE  XL 


A  JUDEAN  HIGHWAY 
Go  ye  therefore  into  the  highways. 


Matt,  xxii, 

9- 

I  uke  xiv,  23. 
Mark  x,  46. 


PLATE  XL! 


LOOKING  NORTH  TOWARD  SHILOH 

Joshua  xviii,  And  the  whole  congregation  of  the  children  of 

i-  Israel  assembled  together  at  Shiloh,  and  set  up 

the  tabernacle  of  the  congregation  there. 


Deut.  xii,  5,  1 1,  14. 

Joshua  xviii,  8;  xix,  51;  xxii,  9. 

Judges  xviii,  31;  xxi,  12,  19,  21. 

I  Sam.  i,  3,  9,  24;  li,  14;  iii,  1-21;  iv,  3-22;  v;  vi;  vii. 
I  Kings  li,  27;  xiv,  2. 

Psalm  lxxviii,  60. 

Jer.  vii,  12;  xxvi,  6;  xli,  5. 


PLATE  XLI I 


SHECHEM  AND  MOUNT  GERIZIM 

Joshua  And  Joshua  gathered  all  the  tribes  of  Israel  to 

xxiv,  i.  Shechem. 

Gen.  xii,  6;  xxxiii,  18;  xxxvii,  12,  13,  14. 

Joshua  xx,  7;  xxi,  21;  xxiv,  1,  32. 

Judges  ix,  1,  7,  20,  23,  41,  57. 

I  Kings  xii,  1,  25. 

Jer.  vii,  12,  14;  xxvi;  xii,  5. 


PLATE  XLI 1 1 


THE  OLD  CODEX  AT  SHECHEM 

Joshua  viii,  And  afterward  he  read  all  the  words  of  the  law, 
34-  the  blessings  and  the  cursings,  according  to  all 

that  is  written  in  the  book  of  the  law. 


Deut.  xvii,  18. 

Joshua  viii,  34. 

II  Kings  xxii,  8,  13. 

Mark  xii,  10. 

Luke  xxiv,  27;  iv,  17-21. 
John  v,  39,  46;  vii,  42,  52. 


PLATE  XLI V 


FROM  MOUNT  EBAL  OVER  SYCHAR,  JACOB’S  WELL, 

AND  MOUNT  GERIZIM 

Gen.  xxxiii,  19. 

Deut.  xi,  29;  xxvii,  12. 

Joshua  viii,  33. 

Judges  ix,  7. 


PLATE  XLV 

RUINS  OVER  THE  SITE  OF  JACOB’S  WELL 


PLATE  XLVI 


SYCHAR,  JACOB’S  WELL,  AND  MOUNT  GERIZIM 

John  iv,  6.  Now  Jacob’s  well  was  there. 

John  iv,  3-26. 

Isaiah  xii,  3. 

Jer.  ii,  13. 

Rev.  xxi,  6. 


PLATE  XLVII 


THE  MIDST  OF  SAMARIA 

Luke  xvii,  And  it  came  to  pass  as  he  went  to  Jerusalem 
11  ■  that  he  passed  through  the  midst  of  Samaria. 

Isaiah  xxviii, 

1-4; 

John  iv,  4. 

Acts  viii,  1. 


PLATE  XLVIII 


THE  CITY  OF  SAMARIA  (SEBASTE) 

I  Kings  xvi,  And  he  bought  the  hill  Samaria  of  Shemer  .  .  . 
24-  and  called  the  name  of  the  city  .  .  .  Samaria. 

I  Kings  xvi,  32;  xxii,  37;  xx,  1. 

II  Kings  vi,  24,  25;  vii,  1. 

Matt,  ii,  12,  15,  16;  xiv,  1. 

Mark  viii,  15;  vi,  14-26. 

Luke  iii,  1,  19;  ix,  7. 

Acts  viii,  5. 


HEROD’S  COLUMNS  AT  SAMARIA,  OR  SEBASTE 


PLATE  L 


THE  PLAIN  OF  JEZREEL 

I  Sam.  And  Ahab  rode  and  went  to  Jezreel. 

xxix,  i. 

Judges  i,  27. 

II  Sam.  ii,  9. 

I  Kings  xviii,  44,  45,  46;  xxi,  1. 

II  Ki  ngs  viii,  29;  ix,  10-37;  x>  I_l  1;  xxiii,  29,  30. 
Joshua  xvii,  1 1,  16. 

II  Ch  ron.  xxxv,  22. 


PLATE  LI 


PLOUGHING  IN  THE  PLAIN  OF  JEZREEL 

I  Sam.  xiv,  A  yoke  of  oxen  might  plough. 

14. 


Deut.  xxii,  10. 

Job  iv,  8;  i,  14. 

Prov.  xx,  1. 

Isaiah  xxviii,  24. 

Luke  ix,  62. 

Acts  ix,  5;  v,  ci;  viii,  G. 

I  Cor.  ix,  10. 

II  Cor.  vi,  14,  15,  16. 


PLATE  LI  I 


A  JORDAN  FORD 

II  Kings  v,  Then  he  went  down  and  dipped  himself  seven 
14-  times  in  Jordan. 

II  Kings  v,  whole  chapter. 

Judges  vii,  24. 

Luke  iv,  27. 

John  i,  28;  x,  40. 


PLATE  LI  1 1 


MOUNT  TABOR  FROM  MOUNT  CARMEL 

Judges  iv,  6,  12-23;  viii,  18. 

I  Sam.  x,  3;  xxv,  2. 

I  Kings  xviii,  17-46. 

Psalm  lxxxix,  12. 

Cant,  vii,  5. 

Jer.  xlvi,  18. 


PLATE  L! V 


NAZARETH  FROM  THE  DAMASCUS  ROAD 

Luke  iv,  1 6.  And  he  came  to  Nazareth  where  he  had  been 
brought  up  .  .  . 


Judges  xiii,  5. 

I  Sam.  i,  1 1. 

Matt,  ii,  23 ;  xxi,  1 1. 

Mark  i,  24;  x,  47;  xiv,  67. 

Luke  i,  26;  ii,  51;  iv,  16,  34:  xviii,  37;  xxiv,  19. 
John  i,  45;  xviii,  5,  7;  xix,  19. 

Acts  ii,  22;  iii,  6;  iv,  10;  vi,  14;  xxii,  8. 


PLATE  LV 


MARY’S  WELL  AT  NAZARETH 


PLATE  LVI 


NAZARETH  TOWARD  MOUNT  CARMEL 


i 


CANA  OF  GALILEE 


John  ii,  I. 


And  the  third  day  there  was  a  marriage  in 
of  Galilee. 


John  ii,  i— 1 1 ;  iv,  46;  xxi,  2. 
Joshua  xix,  28. 


PLATE  LVIII 


MOUNT  OF  THE  BEATITUDES 

Matt,  v,  i.  And  seeing  a  multitude  he  went  up  into  a 
mountain. 


Matt,  v;  vi;  vii. 


PLATE  LIX 


THE  SEA  OF  GALILEE 

John  vi,  i.  After  these  things  Jesus  went  over  the  Sea  of 
Galilee,  which  is  the  Sea  of  Tiberias. 


John  xxi,  i. 

Matt,  viii,  23-27;  xiv,  34. 

Mark  iv,  36-41;  v,  1;  vi,  47-51. 
Luke  v,  1. 


PLATE  LX 


FISHERMEN  CASTING  THEIR  NETS 

Matt,  iv,  1 8.  And  Jesus  walking  by  the  Sea  of  Galilee  saw 
two  brethren,  Simon  called  Peter,  and  Andrew 
his  brother,  casting  a  net  into  the  sea  :  for  they 
were  fishers. 


Matt,  iv,  1 8,  19,  20. 
Mark  i,  16,  17. 

Luke  v,  1-1 1 . 

John  xxi. 


PLATE  LX  I 


OVER  THE  SEA  TOWARD  CAPERNAUM 
John  vi,  17.  Over  the  sea  toward  Capernaum. 

Matt,  iv,  13;  viii,  5;  ix,  1;  xi,  23;  xvii,  24. 

Mark  ii,  1. 

Luke  iv,  23,  31;  vii,  1;  viii,  22-25;  x>  C- 
John  ii,  12;  vi,  17,  24,  59. 


PLATE  LXI I 

WHERE  THE  JORDAN  ENTERS  THE  SEA  OF  GALILEE 

Matt,  xiv,  13  ff. 

Mark  vi,  34  ff. 

Luke  ix,  10  ff. 

John  vi  ff. 


PLATE  LXIII 


UPPER  JORDAN  VALLEY 

Psalm  xxiii,  2. 

Ezek.  xxxiv,  14. 


PLATE  LXI V 

BEDOUIN  TENTS 

Judges  vi,  5.  For  they  come  up  with  their  cattle  and  their 
tents. 

Gen.  iv,  20. 


PLATE  LXV 


THE  WATERS  OF  MEROM  AND  MOUNT  HERMON 
Joshua  xi,  5-7 


PLATE  LXV I 

STILL  WATERS 

Psalm  He  leadeth  me  beside  the  still  waters, 

xxiii,  2. 

Ezek.  xxxiv,  11-15. 

Matt,  xxv,  32. 

Rev.  vii,  17. 


PLATE  LXVII 

ROMAN  BRIDGE  OVER  THE  JORDAN 

Old  Damascus  Road  near  Dan 


PLATE  LXVIII 


AN  OAK  TREE 

I  Kings  And  went  after  the  man  of  God,  and  found  him 

X111>  r4-  sitting  under  an  oak. 

Gen.  xxxv,  4,  8. 

Joshua  xxiv,  26. 

II  Sam.  xviii,  9  ff. 

I  Kings  xiii,  14. 

I  Chron.  x,  12. 

Isaiah  xliv,  14. 

Ezek.  xxvii,  6. 

Hosea  iv,  13. 


PLATE  LX  I  X 


OLD  ROMAN  BRIDGE  NEAR  DAN 
(CjESAREA  PHILIPPI) 


Gen.  xiv,  14. 
Deut.  xxxiv,  1 
Judges  xviii,  2 


9>  30- 


PLATE  LXX 


THE  SOURCE  OF  THE  JORDAN 

Joshua  Baal-gad  under  Mount  Hermon. 

xiii,  5. 

Joshua  xi,  17;  xii,  7. 

Judges  iii,  3. 

Matt,  xvi,  13-16. 

Mark  viii,  27-29. 


PLATE  LXXI 


DAMASCUS 


Gen.  xv,  2.  And  Abram  said,  Lord  God,  what  wilt  thou  give 
me,  seeing  I  go  childless,  and  the  steward  of  my 
house  is  this  Eliezer  of  Damascus? 

II  Sam.  viii,  6. 

I  Kings  xi,  23-35. 

II  Kings  v,  12;  viii,  7;  xiv,  28;  xvi,  9-12. 

Isaiah  vii,  8;  viii,  4;  xvii,  1-3. 

Ezek.  xxvii,  18. 

Amos  i,  3;  v,  27. 

Acts  ix,  1-27;  xxii,  5-30;  xxvi,  12. 

II  Cor.  xi,  32,  33. 

Gal.  i,  17. 


PLATE  LXXII 


SNOWY  PEAKS  OF  MOUNT  HERMON 

Psalm  He  giveth  snow  like  wool, 

cxlvn,  1 6. 


Psalm  li,  7;  lxxxix,  12;  cxxxiii,  3. 
Deut.  lii,  8,  9;  iv,  48. 

Joshua  xiii,  5,  1 1. 

Song  of  Sol.  iv,  8. 

Prov.  xxv,  13. 

Isaiah  i,  18;  Iv,  10. 

Matt,  xvii,  1-9. 

Mark  ix,  2-10. 

Luke  ix,  28-36. 


PLATE  LXXI1I 


MOUNT  LEBANON 

Deut.  iii,  25.  I  pray  thee  let  me  go  over  and  see  the  good  land 
that  is  beyond  Jordan,  that  goodly  mountain 
and  Lebanon. 

Judges  iii,  3. 

I  Kings  v,  14;  vii,  2. 

II  Kings  xiv,  9. 

II  Chron.  ii,  8. 

Psalm  xxix,  5,  6;  Ixxii,  16;  xcii,  12. 

Song  of  Sol.  ni,  9. 

Isaiah  x,  32;  xxix,  17;  xxxv,  2;  xxxvii,  24;  lx,  13;  xl,  16. 

Jer.  xvin,  14;  xxii,  6. 

Zech.  x,  10. 

Ezek.  xxvii.  5. 


PLATE  LXXIV 

THE  HEART  OF  JERUSALEM  FROM  THE  MOUNT 

OF  OLIVES 

Psalm  Jerusalem  is  builded  as  a  city  that  is  compact 

cxxii,  3.  together. 

Joshua  xviii,  28. 

II  Sam.  v,  5,  7. 

I  Kings  iii,  1 ;  xi,  13. 

II  Kings  xxiii,  27. 

Neh.  xi,  1. 

Psalm  xlviii;  cxvi,  19. 

Isaiah  lii. 

Mai.  iii,  4. 

Matt,  xvi,  21;  xxiii,  37-39. 

Luke  ii,  22;  xiii,  34,  35;  xxi,  20;  xxiv,  47-49. 

John  iv,  20;  xii,  12. 

Acts  xxi,  31. 


PLATE  LXXV 

THE  MOSQUE  OF  OMAR  ON  THE  SITE  OF  THE 
TEMPLE  OF  JERUSALEM 

Psalm  lxvii,  29. 

I  Kings  vi. 

II  Chron.  iii;  iv;  v. 


PLATE  LXXVI 


THE  DOME  OF  THE  ROCK 

I  Kings  vi,  16;  viii,  6-30. 

II  Chron.  ii,  1-4;  v,  7-14. 

Ezek.  xliii,  12. 

Joel  iii,  17. 

Zech.  viii,  3. 

Isaiah  ii,  2,  3. 


PLATE  LXXVII 


THE  CHURCH  OF  THE  HOLY  SEPULCHRE 


Greek  ceremony 


washing 


of  feet  ”  at  the  door  of  the  church 


on  Easter  Sunday 


PLATE  LXXVIII 


THE  THRONG  OF  PILGRIMS  AND  OTHERS 


At  the  door  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre , 
Easter  morning 


PLATE  LXXIX 

AN  OLD  HOUSE  WITH  AN  UPPER  CHAMBER 


Mark  xiv, 

15- 

And  he  will  show  you  a  large  upper  room  fur 
nished  and  prepared:  there  make  ready  for  us. 

Matt,  xxvi,  18-20. 


Luke  xxii,  12. 
Acts  i,  13. 

Luke  ii,  7, 

Beneath  the  upper  chamber  there  was  a  ty pi 

cal  Syrian  manger. 


PLATE  LXXX 


COINS  USED  IN  PALESTINE  DURING  THE  TIME 

OF  OUR  LORD 

No.  i.  A  silver  denarius,  or  penny,  of  Tiberius,  the  tribute  money 
payable  by  the  Jews  to  the  Roman  emperor.  Worth  about 
seventeen  cents,  American  money. 

No.  2.  A  silver  denarius,  or  penny,  of  Augustus,  also  worth  $0.17. 

No.  3.  A  silver  shekel  of  Jerusalem,  worth  about  $0.54,  coined 
by  Simon  Maccabaeus  about  140  B.  C. 

The  shekel  in  the  Old  Testament  was  an  Assyrian  weight  of 
258  grams,  while  this  silver  shekel  of  Jerusalem  weighs  220 
grains.  On  the  obverse  side  is  a  chalice  or  cup  of  Manna,  on 
the  reverse  a  triple  lily  or  Aaron’s  budding  rod  and  the  in¬ 
scription  “Jerusalem  the  holy.” 

Nos.  4  and  5  are  “pieces  of  silver,”  so  often  mentioned,  and  are 
worth  about  $0.56^.  “Thirty  pieces  of  silver”  were  worth 
$16.96,  the  legal  value  of  a  slave  if  he  were  killed  by  a  beast. 
Jud  as  betrayed  our  Lord  for  $16.96. 

“Pieces  of  silver”  in  the  Old  Testament  were  not  these  coins, 
but  weights  of  silver  shaped  like  a  lamb. 

These  two  coins  date  from  126  B.  C.  to  57  A.  D. 

REFERENCES  TO  THE  PENNY 

Matt,  xvni,  28;  xx,  2,  9;  xxii,  Luke  vii,  41;  x,  35. 

19-21.  John  xii,  5;  vi,  7. 

Mark  vi,  37;  xii,  15-17;  xiv,  5.  Rev.  vi,  6. 

REFERENCES  TO  “  PIECES  OF  SILVER” 

Gen.  xx,  16;  xxxiii,  19;  xxxvii,  Zech.  xi,  12,  13. 

28;  xlv,  22.  Matt,  xxvi,  15;  xxvii,  9. 

Judges  ix,  4;  xvi,  5.  Luke  xv,  8. 

II  Kings  vi,  25.  Acts  xix,  19. 

REFERENCES  TO  THE  SHEKEL 


Gen.  xxiii,  15,  16. 

Ex.  xxi,  32;  xxx,  13,  15;  xxxvii,  24. 

Lev.  xxvii,  3-16,  25;  v,  15. 

Num.  iii,  47;  Ezek.  iv,  10;  xlv,  12;  Joshua  vii,  21. 

Judges  viii,  26;  xvii,  2,  3,  10. 

I  Sam.  ix,  8.  II  Sam.  xiv,  26.  II  Kings  vii,  1,  16,  18;  xv,  20. 

I  Chron.  xxi,  25.  Neh.  v,  15;  x,  32. 

Jer.  xxxii,  9.  Amos  viii,  5. 

(  1  hrough  the  courtesy  of  the  American  Numismatic  Society  I 
was  permitted  to  photograph  these  fine  specimens  of  coins  now 
in  their  museum  in  New  York  City.) 


PLATE  LXXXI 


THE  POOL  OF  BETHESDA 
John  v,  2-9.  A  pool  which  is  called  Bethesda. 


PLATE  LXXXII 


AN  OLD  STREET,  JERUSALEM 
Song  of  Sol.  iii,  2. 


PLATE  LXXXIII 

THE  WAILING  PLACE  OL  THE  JEWS,  JERUSALEM 

Isaiah  lix,  We  grope  for  the  wall  like  the  blind,  and  we 

I0>  II-  grope  as  if  we  had  no  eyes:  we  roar  all  like 

bears,  and  mourn  sore  like  doves:  we  look  for 
judgment,  but  there  is  none;  for  salvation,  but 
it  is  far  off  from  us. 


Isaiah  xliv,  18;  lix,  i,  2. 
Deut.  iv,  25-40. 


PLATE  LXXXIV 


WEST  WALL  OF  JERUSALEM 

Psalm  xlviii.  Mark  ye  well  her  bulwarks. 

12-14. 

Psalm  lxi,  3. 

Song  of  Sol.  iv,  4. 

II  Chron.  xiv,  7;  xxxii,  5. 


PLATE  LXXXV 


POOL  OF  GIHON 

II  Chron.  This  same  Hezekiah  also  stopped  the  upper 
xxxn,  30.  watercourse  of  Gihon. 


I  Kings  i,  33. 
Isaiah  xxii,  9-1 1„ 


PLATE  LXXXVI 


SOUTH-EASTERN  SLOPE  OF  MOUNT  ZION 


Mount  of  Olives  in  the  background ,  the  village  of  Siloam  on  the  right , 
and  the  Valley  of  Hinnom  in  the  foreground. 


II  Sam.  v,  7. 

I  Kings  viii,  1. 

Psalm  xlviii;  cxxxii,  13. 


PLATE  LXXXVII 


( 


THE  VALLEY  OF  HINNOM,  GEHENNA 

Joshua  xv,  8. 

II  Kings  xxiii,  io. 

II  Chron.  xxviii,  3;  xxxiii,  6. 

Jer.  xix,  2-6;  xxxii,  35. 

Matt,  xxvi,  3. 


PLATE  LXXXVI 1 1 


THE  POOL  OF  SILOAM 


Neh,  iii,  15. 

John  ix,  whole  chapter. 


THE  TYROPCEAN  VALLEY 


The  Mosque  of  Aksa  appearing  above  the  city  wall. 


PLATE  XC 


THE  KING’S  DALE  AND  JOB’S  WELL 

Kidron  Valley  on  the  left ,  Job's  Well  in  the  centre ,  Valley  of 

Hinnom  on  the  right. 

II  Sam.  xv,  23;  xvii,  17-19. 

Joshua  xv,  7. 

I  Kings  i,  9. 


SOUTH-EAST  CORNER  OF  THE  TEMPLE  WALL 

LOOKING  NORTH 

Kidron  Valley  and  the  village  of  Siloam. 


II  Sam.  xv,  23. 
Luke  xiii,  4. 


PLATE  XCII 


✓ 


THE  SPRING  OF  MARY,  OR  THE  VIRGIN’S  WELL 

Joshua  ix,  4,  13,  21. 

Matt,  ix,  1 7. 

Mark  ii,  22. 

Luke  v,  37,  3S. 


PLATE  XCIII 


THE  VALLEY  OF  JEHOSHAPHAT,  LOOKING  UP 

KIDRON  VALLEY 

Joel  iii,  2,  Let  the  heathen  be  wakened,  and  come  up  to 
I2-  the  valley  of  Jehoshaphat:  for  there  will  I  sit 

to  judge  all  the  heathen  round  about. 


II  Sam.  xv,  23. 


PLATE  XCIV 


THE  GATE  BEAUTIFUL,  OR  THE  GOLDEN  GATE 

Ezek.  xliv,  1-3. 

John  ix,  8. 

Acts  iii,  2-10. 


PLATE  XCV 

THE  GARDEN  OF  GETHSEMANE  AND  THE  CITY 

WALL  OF  JERUSALEM 


John  xviii,  I. 


PLATE  XCVI 


THE  GARDEN  OF  GETHSEMANE 

Matt,  xxvi,  36. 

Mark  xiv,  32. 

Luke  xxii,  39. 

John  xviii,  1. 


PLATE  XCVII 


THE  DAMASCUS  GATE 

Heb.  xiii,  Wherefore  Jesus  also,  that  he  might  sanctify 
l2-  the  people  with  his  own  blood,  suffered  without 

the  gate. 

Micah  i,  9. 

Amos  v,  10,  12,  1  3. 

Prov.  xxxi,  23. 

Psalm  lxix,  12. 


PLATE  XCVIII 


A  GREEN  HILL  WITHOUT  A  CITY  WALL 

Matt,  xxvii,  A  place  called  Golgotha,  that  is  to  say,  a  place  of 
33-  a  skull. 

Matt,  xxvii,  34-53. 

Mark  22-38. 

Luke  xxiii,  33-49. 

John  i,  29;  iii,  16;  xii,  32;  xix,  16-24. 

I  Cor.  v,  7. 

Heb.  xiii,  12. 

Psalm  lxix,  16-21. 

Isaiah  liii,  whole  chapter. 

Rev.  xxi,  6. 


PLATE  XCIX 


GORDON’S  TOMB 

Isaiah  liii,  And  he  made  his  grave  with  the  wicked,  and 
9-  with  the  rich  in  his  death. 

Matt,  xxviii,  57-60. 

Mark  xv,  43-47. 

Luke  xxiii,  50-56. 

John  xix,  38-42. 


PLATE  C 


THE  STONE  ROLLED  AWAY 

Luke  xxiv,  And  they  found  the  stone  rolled  away  from  the 

2-  sepulchre. 

% 

Psalm  xvl,  io. 

Matt,  xxviii,  2. 

Mark  xvi,  4. 

John  ii,  19-22;  vi,  39,  40,  44,  54;  xi,  25;  xx,  1. 

Acts  xxvi,  23;  ii,  23-32;  xxvi,  18. 

Rom.  lv,  26;  vi,  4-10. 

I  Cor.  xv,  20-26;  vi,  14. 

II  Cor.  iv,  14-18. 

James  v,  15. 

Rev.  xxi,  5,  6;  xxii,  whole  chapter 


date  due 


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